HIV Capsid and Protease, New Targets of Melittin
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HIV Capsid and Protease, New Targets of Melittin Behzad Dehghani1 · Zahra Hasanshahi1 · Tayebeh Hashempour1 Accepted: 22 December 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Melittin is a 26 amino acid amphipathic peptide, the main part of a bee venom. It has been confirmed that melittin can act against a vast verity of infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study aimed to investigate all physicochemical properties, post-modification sites, and interactions between melittin and HIV proteins. Ten Melittin sequences from different honey bees were collected from NCBI genebank. The physicochemical properties were evaluated for all sequences, and phosphorylation sites, glycolization positions and disulfide bonds were determined. Signal peptide was predicted by SignalP, secondary and tertiary structures were constructed by different software. Docking and interaction analysis were done by HEX and Discovery Studio. Results showed that most mutations occurred in Apis florae; this genotype was placed in a district clade in the cladogram. Physicochemical features showed melittin to be a basic protein and stable in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is an allergen peptide and no disulfide bonds and glycosylation site was found in its structure. Just one phosphorylation position was found and the majority of secondary structures are Alpha helix and Beta turn. High energy values of interactions belonged to capsid and protease proteins, and docking showed several amino acids to be involved in the interactions. Our observations suggested that in addition to envelope and long terminal repeat, capsid and proteases of HIV could have a great potential as a target for melittin. Our data provides a comprehensive understanding of melittin properties, structures, and its interaction with HIV proteins. Keywords HIV · Capsid · Protease · Melittin Abbreviations HIV Human immunodeficiency virus LTR Long terminal repeat AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome NRTIs Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NtRTIs Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors PIs Protease Inhibitors GRAVY Grand average of hydropath
Introduction Since the recognition of HIV in the 1980s, it has infected over 33.4 million people, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) all around the world (Carnathan et al. 2015; Dehghani et al. 2017a, b; McBrien et al. 2018). According to international guidelines, the aim of HIV * Tayebeh Hashempour [email protected] 1
Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
therapy is to achieve a viral load of
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