Hope and Internal Working Models of the Self and Others: A Correlational Study on Filipino Adolescents
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Hope and Internal Working Models of the Self and Others: A Correlational Study on Filipino Adolescents Niel Steve M. Kintanar & Allan B. I. Bernardo
Received: 14 July 2012 / Accepted: 21 November 2012 / Published online: 5 January 2013 # National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India 2013
Abstract The study seeks to contribute to research on understanding the antecedents of hope cognitions by exploring how internal models of self and others are related to hope. Correlational analysis of Filipino adolescent students’ responses to the hope scale and life positions scale indicated that internal model of the self is positively associated with hope cognitions, but internal model of others is not. The results are discussed in relation to importance of cognitive representations of the self that emerge from person’s early attachment relationships. Keywords Hope . Attachment theory . Internal models of self . Internal models of others . Positive psychology
“The young…are full of passion, which includes fear; and of hope, which inspired confidence” Aristotle, Rhetoric Book II Even before the positive psychology movement, psychological scientists and practitioners have recognized the importance of “hope” as a construct that seems to underlie the human experience of overcoming and even thriving amid adversity. The importance of hope seems particularly critical among adolescents who are known to be vulnerable to depression, pessimism, and learned helplessness. Yet hope
N. S. M. Kintanar (*) Department of Psychology, University of San Carlos, PE33TC Philip Engelen Building, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines e-mail: [email protected] A. B. I. Bernardo (*) PGL334 Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Pearl Jubilee Building, Taipa, Macau, China e-mail: [email protected]
has been a difficult construct to pin down, until Synder (1994, 2002) proposed hope theory. Hope theory conceptualizes hope as positive thoughts regarding one’s expectations and ability to attain important goals. Like optimism, hope involves the positive expectation that one’s goals can be attained, but hope involves cognitions about one’s will and commitment to attain the goal, and the ways and strategies for attaining the goals. Thus, more than just “positive thinking,” hope emphasizes a person’s agency and capacity to work towards attainment of goals. This cognitive approach to the study of hope has been the leading paradigm for studying the psychology of hope in the past 20 years, and the most frequently used theoretical frame in various psychological studies of hope, which motivated our decision to frame our study using hope theory. In more specific terms, hope theory explicitly defines hope as having two separable but closely related components articulated in the definition of hope as “a cognitive set that is based on a reciprocally-derived sense of successful agency (goaldirected determination) and pathways (planning to meet goals)” (Snyder et al. 1991, p. 571). Agency refers to thoughts conveying one’s determination, motiv
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