Hops
It is 25 years since Dr Burgess wrote his invaluable book on hops and in the intervening period there have been very many advances in hop research and hop production techniques. When invited to produce a replacement for that book, therefore, the problem w
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HOPS R.A. Neve OBE, PhD. Dip Agric Sci, FRASE, FI. Brew, MI Biol
Formerly
Director, Hop Research Department, Wye College
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1991 1991 R. A. Neve
@
Originally published by Chapman aud Hall1991 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1991
Typeset in 10/ 12pt Times by Witwell Ltd, Southport Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ISBN 978-94-010-5375-4 AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which shall be made to the publisher. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Neve, R. A. (Ray A.) 1922Hops. 1. Hops. Production 1. Title 633.82
ISBN 978-94-010-5375-4
ISBN 978-94-011-3106-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3106-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available
Contents
Introduction Units and Abbreviations 1 Botany 1.1 The genus 1.1.1 Humulus lupulus 1.1.2 Humulus japonicus 1.1.3 Humulus yunnanensis 1.2 Sex ratios 1.3 Cytology 1.4 Polyploidy and sex determination 1.5 Centre of origin 1.6 Photoperiodic response 1. 7 Dormancy 1.8 Photosynthesis and carbohydrate reserves 2 The cultivated hop 2.1 History 2.2 Use 2.2.1 Hop resins 2.2.2 Essential oils 2.2.3 Tannins 2.3 Hop processing 2.4 In vitro production 3 Production methods 3.1 Supporting structures 3.2 Cultural operations 3.2.1 Non-cultivation 3.2.2 Training 3.2.3 Stripping
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1 1 1 9 10 10 11 12 16 16 18 20
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38 43
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Contents
VI
3.3 Soils 3.4 Manuring 3.4.1 Nitrogen 3.4.2 Phosphate and potash 3.4.3 Magnesium 3.4.4 Trace elements 3.5 Irrigation 3.6 Spraying 3.7 Low trellis 3.8 Seeded and seedless hops 3.9 Growth substances 3.10 Propagation 3.11 Factors affecting quality 4 Harvesting 4.1 Picking 4.1.1 Hand picking 4.1.2 Machine picking 4.2 Drying
59 59 60 61 62 62 62 64 66 68 70 72 75 79 79 79 84 89
5 Pests and diseases: historical review
101
6 Pests 6.1 Damson-hop aphid: Phorodon humuli 6.1.1 Description 6.1.2 Chemical control 6.1.3 Biological control 6.2 Spider mite: Tetranychus urticae 6.2.1 Description 6.2.2 Chemical control 6.2.3 Biological control 6.3 Nematodes 6.3.1 Dagger nematode: Xiphinema diversicaudatum 6.3.2 Hop-root eelworm: Heterodera humuli 6.4 Other pests 6.4.1 Clay-coloured weevils: Otiorrhynchus singularis 6.4.2 Rosy rustic moth: Hydroecia micacea 6.4.3 Flea beetle: Psylliodes attenuata 6.4.4 Earwigs: Forficula auricularia 6.4.5 Wireworm: Agriotes spp. 6.4.6 Slugs: Agriolimax reticulatus and Arion hortensis
115 115 115 120 121 126 126 129 130 131 131 132 133 133 134 135 135 136 136
Contents
Vll
7 Fungal diseases 7.1 Downy
