Hot Big Bang Model
Cosmology is the study of Nature at very large scales. Conventionally, “large scales” span a range of about 1–8000 Mpc, from our local group of galaxies to the most distant light we can possibly detect (Fig. 2.1 ). Phenomena occurring within a galaxy (our
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Hot Big Bang Model
This to attain, whether heav’n move or earth, Imports not, if thou reckon right; the rest From man or angel the great Architect Did wisely to conceal, and not divulge His secrets to be scanned by them who aught Rather admire; or if they list to try Conjecture, he his fabric of the heav’ns Hath left to their disputes, perhaps to move His laughter at their quaint opinions wide Hereafter, when they come to model heav’n And calculate the stars . . . — Milton, Paradise Lost, VIII, 70–80
Contents 2.1 Cosmic Expansion and Cosmological Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 The Universe at Large Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Einstein and Continuity Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Energy Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Perfect Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Scalar Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Friedmann Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Content of the Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Dust and Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Hot Big Bang and the Big-Bang Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Dark Energy and the cosmological Constant Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.4 Spatial Curvature and Topology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 An Obscure Big Picture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Problems and Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 G. Calcagni, Classical and Quantum Cosmology, Graduate Texts in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41127-9_2
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