How fast can we go? The status of our knowledge of the rates of gas-liquid metal reactions
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How Fast Can We Go? The Status of Our Knowledge of the Rates of Gas-Liquid Metal Reactions
G.R. BELTON R.W. Hunt Medalist
Available information on the magnitudes of interfacial rates and the forms of rate laws is reviewed for several gas-liquid metal reactions of interest to iron and steelmaking. The relevance of some of the findings to present and proposed practical processes is briefly explored. Simple surface site blockage models provide a useful and reasonably consistent framework for the representation and analysis of the rate data, but it is found that the quantitative effects of the surface active elements, such as oxygen and sulfur, on the rates are reaction specific. Rationalization of these effects requires information on adsorption equilibria and phenomena beyond that provided by available surface tension studies.
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INTRODUCTION
O N receiving the honor of being invited to deliver the 1992 Howe Memorial Lecture, I sought copies of G.R. BELTON, born in Rotherham, England on February 22, 1934, is Director, BHP Research-Newcastle Laboratories, BHP Steel, Shortland, New South Wales 2307, Australia. He is also Honorary Professor at the University of Newcastle. He joined BHP in his current position in 1979 after spending about 20 years in the USA, mainly as Professor of Metallurgy and Materials S c i e n c e at the U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a . He o b t a i n e d his undergraduate degree in Metallurgical Engineering at London University and his Ph.D. through research in the Nuffield Research Group in Extractive Metallurgy at Imperial College, London. He is a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society and a recipient of the Robert W. Hunt silver medal. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, a Member of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, and a Member of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, where he also serves as a member of the International Advisory Committee. The Howe Memorial Lecture was established in 1923 by the Iron and Steel Division, now the Iron and Steel Society, of AIME. The Lecturer is selected for his/her outstanding contributions to the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography. METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
Professor H o w e ' s two famous books on ferrous metallurgy, lt'zj as I am sure my predecessors have done, and reread Gensamer's article t31 "Henry Marion Howe's Contributions to Metallurgy." I was particularly struck by the tremendous breadth of his scholarship and contributions and by his objectivity in assessing available information. Such breadth is probably now more difficult to achieve, and the present review is narrowly directed at one topic, namely, the rates of interfacial chemical steps in the reactions of gases with metallic melts of importance to iron and steelmaking. Hopefully, some of his objectivity is included. H o w e ' s considerable industrial career included a period in copper smelting and the design of
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