How might sea level change affect arthropod biodiversity in anchialine caves: a comparison of Remipedia and Atyidae taxa
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
How might sea level change affect arthropod biodiversity in anchialine caves: a comparison of Remipedia and Atyidae taxa (Arthropoda: Altocrustacea) Monica M. Moritsch & M. Joey Pakes & David R. Lindberg
Received: 28 July 2013 / Accepted: 1 February 2014 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2014
Abstract Sea level change influences biodiversity of endemic cave fauna to varying degrees. In anchialine systems, a marine layer flows under less saline layers, each with differing associated fauna. We assess the role of present and historic (last glacial maximum – 18,000 years ago) distance from the ocean in determining species richness and phylogenetic diversity patterns for two groups of anchialine crustaceans: the marine-restricted Remipedia and a subset of groundwaterinhabiting atyid shrimp with greater tolerance for salinity variation. We calculated species richness and phylogenetic diversity per cave based on records of remipede and atyid diversity at 137 locations in the Yucatán Peninsula, Caribbean, Australia, and the Canary Islands. After calculating the distance of each cave’s surface opening from the past and present Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13127-014-0167-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. M. Moritsch Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA M. J. Pakes : D. R. Lindberg Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA M. J. Pakes : D. R. Lindberg Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA D. R. Lindberg Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present Address: M. M. Moritsch (*) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, Center for Ocean Health, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA e-mail: [email protected]
shoreline, we evaluated how species richness and phylogenetic diversity change with distance from the present and historic ocean. Remipede species richness and phylogenetic diversity declined rapidly with distance from the ocean. Ninety-five percent of the remipedes surveyed were located within 7 km of the present ocean and 18 km of the historic ocean. Atyid species richness and phylogenetic diversity declined more slowly with distance from the ocean than that of remipedes. Atyid shrimp were also distributed over a broader range: 95 % were located within 100 km of the present ocean and 240 km of the historic ocean. Our findings indicate that coastal geomorphology and salinity tolerance influence a clade’s distribution with respect to its distance from the ocean. We also report a possible latent response to sea level change. Keywords Anchialine . Species richness . Phylogenetic diversity . Distribution . Halocline . Sea level
Introduction Anchialine habitats are physically complex, being dependent on input from both overlying terrestrial (meteoric water)
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