Human Geoscience

This book is a product of the joint efforts of interdisciplinary academic fields under the integrative framework of human geoscience. Human geoscience is a new genre of geoscience concerned with the natural phenomena that occur on the surface of the Earth

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Yukio Himiyama Kenji Satake Taikan Oki Editors

Human Geoscience

Advances in Geological Science Series Editors Junzo Kasahara, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan Michael Zhdanov, University of Utah, Utah, USA Tuncay Taymaz, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

Studies in the twentieth century uncovered groundbreaking facts in geophysics and produced a radically new picture of the Earth’s history. However, in some respects it also created more puzzles for the research community of the twenty-first century to tackle. This book series aims to present the state of the art of contemporary geological studies and offers the opportunity to discuss major open problems in geosciences and their phenomena. The main focus is on physical geological features such as geomorphology, petrology, sedimentology, geotectonics, volcanology, seismology, glaciology, and their environmental impacts. The monographs in the series, including multi-authored volumes, will examine prominent features of past events up to their current status, and possibly forecast some aspects of the foreseeable future. The guiding principle is that understanding the fundamentals and applied methodology of overlapping fields will be key to paving the way for the next generation.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11723

Yukio Himiyama Kenji Satake Taikan Oki •



Editors

Human Geoscience

123

Editors Yukio Himiyama Hokkaido University of Education Sapporo, Japan

Kenji Satake Earthquake Research Institute The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan

Taikan Oki Institute for Future Initiatives The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan

ISSN 2524-3829 ISSN 2524-3837 (electronic) Advances in Geological Science ISBN 978-981-32-9223-9 ISBN 978-981-32-9224-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9224-6 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral