HUMS: An Autonomous Moving Strategy for Mobile Sinks in Data-Gathering Sensor Networks
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Research Article HUMS: An Autonomous Moving Strategy for Mobile Sinks in Data-Gathering Sensor Networks Yanzhong Bi,1, 2 Limin Sun,1 Jian Ma,3 Na Li,4 Imran Ali Khan,4 and Canfeng Chen3 1 Institute
of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 3 Nokia Research Center, Beijing 100013, China 4 Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China 2 Graduate
Received 30 September 2006; Accepted 13 March 2007 Recommended by Lionel M. Ni Sink mobility has attracted much research interest in recent years because it can improve network performance such as energy efficiency and throughput. An energy-unconscious moving strategy is potentially harmful to the balance of the energy consumption among sensor nodes so as to aggravate the hotspot problem of sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an autonomous moving strategy for the mobile sinks in data-gathering applications. In our solution, a mobile sink approaches the nodes with high residual energy to force them to forward data for other nodes and tries to avoid passing by the nodes with low energy. We performed simulation experiments to compare our solution with other three data-gathering schemes. The simulation results show that our strategy cannot only extend network lifetime notably but also provides scalability and topology adaptability. Copyright © 2007 Yanzhong Bi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks composed of networked sensors and mobile sinks have the potentiality of providing diverse services to numerous applications, such as surveillance systems and control systems for commercial, industrial, and military scenarios. In those systems, a large amount of inexpensive sensors is deployed in monitoring fields to sense the physical environments, and a few mobile sinks are involved in collecting sensed data, making decisions, and taking actions. Since sensor nodes are expected to be deployed in harsh environments, which cause great difficulty to recharge or change their battery, the lifetime of a wireless sensor network is limited to the battery lifetime of the sensors [1–3]. Many energy-efficient protocols and schemes have been proposed for data-gathering sensor networks in recent years [4–7]. However, if the device involved in collecting data is static, the sensors that are close to the device would become hotspots and die earlier than other sensors because they have to transmit huge amounts of data for other sensors. Many researchers have demonstrated that the mobility of network elements can improve network performance, that is, network throughput, reliability, and energy efficiency [8–22]; therefore, wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks have many
advantages over the static sensor networks for data-gathering applications. In p
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