Hydrogen Formation via Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over Cu/ZnO Catalyst Modified with Nickel, Cobalt and Manganese
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Hydrogen Formation via Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over Cu/ZnO Catalyst Modified with Nickel, Cobalt and Manganese W. Grzegorczyk Æ A. Denis Æ W. Gac Æ T. Ioannides Æ A. Machocki
Received: 17 July 2008 / Accepted: 9 November 2008 / Published online: 26 November 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract The greatest influence of nickel, cobalt and manganese modifiers of CuZn-based catalyst is observed at low temperatures of the ethanol steam reforming. Below 480 °C the most advantageous effects are: a decrease in the methane formation and an increase in the hydrogen selectivity, yield and its productivity. At 480 °C the formation of organic by-products (methane excluding) is almost completely depressed. However, significant lowering in the methane selectivity and a high production of hydrogen require higher temperatures of the process. Keywords Hydrogen Bio-ethanol Steam reforming Copper–zinc oxide based catalysts
1 Introduction Hydrogen is considered to be the energy carrier of the future. In the frame of sustainable development, the hydrogen production should be based on renewable sources, such as biomass and renewable electricity. The use of liquid bioethanol as hydrogen carrier is an attractive option. It offers the advantages of production from diverse biomass sources
W. Grzegorczyk A. Denis W. Gac A. Machocki (&) Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, 3 Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland e-mail: [email protected] T. Ioannides Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH/ICE-HT), P.O. Box 1414, 26500 Patras, Greece e-mail: [email protected]
and ease of transportation through existing networks. Production of hydrogen from ethanol takes place via catalytic steam reforming C2H5OH ? 3H2O ? 2CO2 ? 6H2. The final hydrogen productivity will also depend on the intensity and the state of the equilibrium of the water gas shift reaction (H2O ? CO = H2 ? CO2), as well as successful inhibition of non-selective transformations of ethanol to acetaldehyde, ethylene, methane and other by-products which may be formed in successive side reactions [1–8]. There is no commercial catalysts for that process. There has been no need for them since we only witness intense preparations for an expansion of hydrogen power industry. As an active phase researchers consider first of all: noble metals, nickel and cobalt, but there were also reported copper-containing catalysts [1–8]. From the formal point of view, the generation of hydrogen through the steam reforming of ethanol seems to be a process analogous to the steam reforming of methanol. Therefore it would seem that the catalysts employed in the latter process also met the requirements of ethanol steam reforming. However, the significant differences in the course of the steam reforming of ethanol and that of methanol are caused by a more complicated structure of a molecule of ethanol due to the pr
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