Hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol over efficient sol-gel nickel-copper/zirconia catalyst
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Ó Indian Academy of Sciences Sadhana (0123456789().,-volV)FT3](0123456 789().,-volV)
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Hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol over efficient sol-gel nickel-copper/zirconia catalyst MERVE ECE S¸EBIN, SOLMAZ AKMAZ*
and SERKAN NACI KOC
Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpas¸ a, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] MS received 5 August 2020; revised 3 October 2020; accepted 13 October 2020
Abstract. Furfuryl alcohol (FA), a valuable compound from furfural (FF) was synthesized by efficient NiCu/ZrO2 catalysts. The catalysts with varying Ni and Cu loading were developed by sol-gel method and characterized by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Cu/ZrO2 and Ni/ZrO2 catalysts were also tested to compare the effect of the Ni-Cu/ZrO2 catalyst. Both Ni and Cu showed the synergistic effect on FA formation. The Ni-Cu/ZrO2 catalyst was used for hydrogenation of FF by changing pressure, catalyst loading, temperature and time. A 93% FA yield was achieved over the 7Ni-Cu/ZrO2 catalyst with 0.07 g Ni and 0.1 g Cu/1 g ZrO2 at 200 °C for 4 h under 1.5 MPa H2 pressure. The sol-gel Ni-Cu/ZrO2 catalyst without the use of expensive noble metals is effective on the hydrogenation of FF to FA relatively in mildly reaction pressure. Keywords. Catalytic hydrogenation; furfural; furfuryl alcohol; sol-gel catalyst.
1. Introduction Due to the concern of depletion of fossil fuels and environmental problems caused by fossil fuels in use, research on environmentally friendly renewable energy sources has increased. Biomass is an important resource in terms of being convertible into valuable substances for the energy and chemical industry. Furfural (FF) is one of the most used chemicals obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. FF has been known as an important platform material for the production of valuable chemicals in recent years.1 2-Methylfuran (MF) and furfuryl alcohol (FA) are among the most important valuable chemicals.2 With the hydrogenation reactions of FF, 2-MF with the potential to be used as a fuel additive and FA with various application areas can be obtained. FA with a furan ring and hydroxymethyl group is obtained by hydrogenation of the C=O bond in the FF. FA is applied for the production of synthetic fibers and resins.3 2-Methylfuran is formed by the hydrogenolysis reaction of FA. 2-MF with a high octane number (103) has chemical and physical properties for use as a fuel additive (Scheme 1).4 The catalyst is one of the most important factors affecting product distribution in the hydrogenation *For correspondence
reactions of FF. Studies are carried out on various hydrogenation catalysts. Noble metal-based catalysts generally used in hydrogenation reactions have also been tested for FF hydrogenation.5,6 Studies on inexpensive catalysts for FF hydrogenation reactions have been focused on. Cu-based catalysts are among the commonly used catalysts for hydrogenation re
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