Exploration on Hydroxymethylation of Furfural to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Over Mesoporous Niobium Phosphate Catalyst
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Exploration on Hydroxymethylation of Furfural to 5‑Hydroxymethylfurfural Over Mesoporous Niobium Phosphate Catalyst Huifa Zhang1 · Tong Geng1 · Huixian Zhang2 · Fahai Cao1 Received: 7 January 2020 / Accepted: 14 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is mainly produced by dehydration of hexasaccharides which were limited by the source availability and low yield of the process. Accounting to this, the current study was thus designed to first identify the mesoporous niobium phosphate was a tailored catalyst and further to develop a suitable reaction system for hydroxymethylation of furfural to HMF. The mesoporous niobium phosphate was prepared by a two-step sol–gel hydrothermal method used to catalyze this hydroxymethylation reaction either in a pure water solvent or in an aqueous organic solvent system. Detailed investigation on reaction activity and HMF selectivity was carried out by varying reaction conditions. A highest HMF yield of 51.1% was obtained with a 79.2% furfural conversion under the aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 90 °C for 20 h over the current catalyst. Moreover, the mesoporous niobium phosphate could be recovered and reused at least for 6 runs without obvious loss in catalytic activity. Grpahic Abstract Mesoporous niobium phosphate was synthesized by a two-step sol–gel hydrothermal method and firstly investigated for the catalytic hydroxymethylation of furfural to HMF. The results suggest that mesoporous niobium phosphate shows a superior activity and selectivity. The highest yield of 51.1% of HMF was obtained with a 79.2% furfural conversion. The excellent catalytic performance could be attributed to attributed to the strong acid sites and larger porous structure in the catalyst. Bronsted acid sites OH OH OH Nb P O O O O P Nb P O O O Lewis acid sites
O
O O Furfural
O +
H
* Fahai Cao [email protected]
Engineering Research Centre of Large Scale Reactor Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
SINOPEC North China E&P Company, Zhengzhou 450006, China
2
OH
O O
H Aqueous or aqueous organic solvent
Formaldehyde
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03261-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
1
P
HMF
1 Introduction The molecular structure of HMF has a furan ring with a hydroxyl group and an aldehyde-function which makes HMF one of the most important intermediate products and also being identified as one of the top 10 value-added biobased chemicals by the U.S. Department of Energy [1]. It is a versatile intermediate and can be transformed into various major high value chemicals, such as furan-2,5-dimethylcarboxylate (FDMC) [2], 2,5-diformyl furan (DFF) [3], 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furan carboxylic acid (HMFCA) [4],
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2,5-furandiformic acid (FDCA) [5, 6], 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) [7] and 5-hydro
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