Hydrothermal synthesis of nano-SnO 2 @SiO 2 composites for lithium-ion battery anodes
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Hydrothermal synthesis of nano-SnO2@SiO2 composites for lithiumion battery anodes Xuyan Liu1 · Yanlin Han2 · Jiahuan Zeng1 · Huinan Yang3 · Kai Zhou1 · Deng Pan1 Received: 10 November 2017 / Accepted: 5 January 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract SnO2-based lithium-ion batteries have low cost and high energy density, but their capacity fades rapidly during lithiation/ delithiation due to phase aggregation and cracking. A modified hydrothermal method was developed to synthesize tin oxide doped with highly dispersed silicon oxide, sing S nCl4·5H2O and amounts of tetraethyl orthosilicate as the starting materials and NH3·H2O as PH regulator. Fine powders of tin oxide as active materials were doped with highly dispersed silicon oxide as inert materials in atomic or nano-meter scale. The microstructure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the mixtures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, infra-red, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical methods. Silicon oxide as matrix should be able to support the anode changes accompanied by the formation of lithium–tin alloys, thus an improvement of the cycle ability of the Li-ion battery would be expected. The electrochemical results showed that addition of silicon oxide reduces the irreversible capacity during the first discharge/charge cycle. The electrochemical performance indicates that amorphous silicon oxide is an appropriate matrix and these composites are good anode candidates for application in lithium-ion batteries.
1 Introduction There is a great demand of lithium ion battery (LIB) with large capacity, high energy density and stable cycle performance with the development of electronics and electric vehicles [1–5]. Although traditional carbon materials have the advantages of long cycle life and low cost, their relatively low specific capacity (372 mAh/g) fails to meet the increasing requirement for electronics and electric vehicles. Due to the large specific capacity, silicon oxide(1965 mAh/g) [6–9] and tin oxide (782 mAh/g) [10–12] materials have been considered as potential alternatives to traditional carbon * Xuyan Liu [email protected] * Deng Pan [email protected] 1
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No 516, Jun Gong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
2
School of Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
3
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
materials. However, their practical applications in LIB are commonly hampered by the poor conductivity and cycling degradation arising from huge volume changes (300%), pulverization and the following aggregation during the charge/ discharge process. Numerous structure designs have been reported to solve these problems of S nO2 [13–18]. This application covers SnO2 with different morphologies ranging from 1D nanorods/nanowires/nanotubes, to 2D nanosheets, to 3D hollow nano
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