Hypertension and the Brain as an End-Organ Target
The first comprehensive overview of the effects of hypertension on the brain. The book discusses not only the relationship between hypertension and stroke, but also the much less studied relationship between hypertension and cognitive decli
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ypertension and the Brain as an EndOrgan Target
Hypertension and the Brain as an End-Organ Target
Hélène Girouard Editor
Hypertension and the Brain as an End-Organ Target
Editor Hélène Girouard Faculty of Medicine Université de Montréal Montréal, Canada
ISBN 978-3-319-25614-6 ISBN 978-3-319-25616-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25616-0
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958076 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated to my children Xavier, Elsa, Klara, and Sofia.
Foreword
Arterial hypertension is one of the most prevalent and devastating human afflictions of all times. Affecting one billion individuals worldwide and causing considerable morbidity, hypertension has risen to be the risk factor with the greatest impact on the global burden of disease. Women during premenopausal period are relatively protected from hypertension and its sequelae, but after menopause, they become even more susceptible than men. The brain is one of the major organs that suffer from the harmful effects of high blood pressure, and hypertension is the preeminent risk factor for two major brain diseases: stroke and dementia. After aging, chronic arterial hypertension is the most important risk factor for stroke, the second cause of death worldwide. Furthermore, hypertension has emerged as a major cause of late-life dementia, which, due to the aging of the world population, has become one of the leading health challenges of our times. Midlife hypertension is strongly associated with late-life dementia and not just dementia caused by damage of cerebral blood vessels (vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia), but also Alzheimer’s disease, a condition until recently considered independent of vascular factors. Thes
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