Hypoxia: A key feature of COVID-19 launching activation of HIF-1 and cytokine storm
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Hypoxia: A key feature of COVID-19 launching activation of HIF-1 and cytokine storm Mozhgan Jahani1, Sadat Dokaneheifard2 and Kamran Mansouri1,3*
Abstract COVID-19, disease caused by the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, appeared in the end of 2019 and was rapidly spread in most countries. This respiratory virus has different symptoms from moderate to severe, and results in lung pneumonia following acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and patient’s death in severe cases. ARDS is a severe form of acute lung injury that is caused by high inflammatory response of the innate immunity cells. Hypoxia is the common feature in the inflammatory sites with having various impacts on this condition by induction of some factors such as hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α regulates some important cellular processes including cell proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis. Furthermore, this factor is activated during the immune responses and plays important roles in the inflammation site by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines production through immune cells. So, in this study the possible effect of the HIF-1α on the COVID-19 pathogenesis with emphasizes on its role on innate immunity response has been discussed. Keywords: COVID-19, Hypoxia, HIF-1α, Cytokine storm
Introduction Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses causing illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. At the end of the 2019, prevalence of the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China which its related disease was called “the Corona Virus Disease 2019; COVID-19”. In addition to china, COVID-19 was rapidly spread in other countries. COVID-19 has high rate of transmission and its symptoms are moderately acute in patients [1]. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes respiratory illness as its commonly symptoms are fever, cough or sneeze which can also cause pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 3 Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
(ARDS), respiratory failure, shock, as well as organ failure and patients death in severe cases [1, 2]. Additionally, there are a number of patients at higher risk for COVID-19 infection, including patients with cancer, transplants, or other conditions [3]. In this case, people with a lung cancer and smoking/vaping history may be remain an important vulnerable population [4, 5]. Lung cancer patients are very susceptible for getting respiratory infections and most of them are detected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as metastatic disease, so it is expected to observe greater mortality or at least greater severity of the infectious symptoms. In a study conducted by Jacobo Rogado et al., increased mortali
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