Identification of Arceuthobium globosum using unmanned aerial vehicle images in a high mountain forest of central Mexico
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Identification of Arceuthobium globosum using unmanned aerial vehicle images in a high mountain forest of central Mexico Luis A. Leo´n-Ban˜uelos1 • Angel R. Endara-Agramont1 • William Go´mez-Demetrio1 Carlos G. Martı´nez-Garcı´a1 • E. Gabino Nava-Bernal1
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Received: 15 November 2018 / Accepted: 13 February 2019 Northeast Forestry University 2019
Abstract The identification of forests infested by parasitic plants is important for the design of appropriate control and prevention strategies. Satellite images and geographic information systems are commonly used to analyze the presence of pest and parasitic plants in the forests. However there is a need for finer resolution. In the last decade, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles has become increasingly common for capturing aerial images (\ 10 cm per pixel). The objective of the study was to obtain RGB values (Red, Green and Blue) through the colorimetric ranges for use in identification of Yellow Dwarf Mistletoe (YDM) (Arceuthobium globosum) in aerial images taken in a forest of central Mexico via a programmed algorithm. Three tonalities of YDM were classified according to its phenological stages, viz. green (young stage), yellow (adult stage), and brown (senescence stage), considering two light intensities, sunny and cloudy. Non-parametric tests were used in statistical analyses. The Spearman test showed significant negative correlation (p \ 0.001) between phenological stage and colour, indicating that lower RGB values were associated with greater age. The differences between groups were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis Project funding: The work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) and the project Programa de ´ rea de Proteccio´n de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca Manejo del A (No. 3674/2014E). The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com Corresponding editor: Tao Xu. & E. Gabino Nava-Bernal [email protected] 1
Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales [ICAR], 50000 Toluca, Mexico, Mexico
(p \ 0.01) and Mann–Whitney tests (p \ 0.01). The applied algorithm identified the presence and predominant colours of YDM according to its phenological stage. Keywords Colorimetric analysis RGB Pinus hartweggi Parasitic plants Remote sensing
Introduction High mountain forest in Mexico are mainly represented by Pinus hartwegii Lind, an endemic species that occupies elevations between 2900 and 4200 m a.s.l. (Rzedowski 1978, 1981; Perry 1991). Mexico’s diversity of pine species is among the greatest in the world. Notably, 24% of the estimated total flora of Mexico corresponds with pine forest, which contain an assemblage of around 7000 species (Rzedowski 1998). However, species in high mountain forests such as pines and firs suffer high rates of mortality (Dobbertin and Rigling 2006) as a result of the interaction of multiple biotic factors (pathogens, defoliators, parasites, and hemiparasites), abiotic factors (severe drought and prolonged rains) (Allen et al. 2010), and anthropogenic degradation (illegal
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