Identifying sensitive periods when changes in parenting and peer factors are associated with changes in adolescent alcoh
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Identifying sensitive periods when changes in parenting and peer factors are associated with changes in adolescent alcohol and marijuana use Seth J. Prins1 · Sandhya Kajeepeta1 · Robin Pearce2 · Jordan Beardslee3 · Dustin Pardini4 · Magdalena Cerdá5 Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose There are well-established associations between parental/peer relationships and adolescent substance use, but few longitudinal studies have examined whether adolescents change their substance use in response to changes in their parents’ behavior or peer networks. We employ a within-person change approach to address two key questions: Are changes in parenting and peer factors associated with changes in adolescent marijuana and alcohol use? Are there sensitive periods when changes in parenting and peer factors are more strongly associated with changes in adolescent marijuana and alcohol use? Methods We analyzed longitudinal data collected annually on 503 boys, ages 13–19, recruited from Pittsburgh public schools. Questionnaires regarding parental supervision, negative parenting practices, parental stress, physical punishment, peer delinquency, and peer drug use were administered to adolescents and their caretakers. Alcohol and marijuana use were assessed by a substance use scale adapted from the National Youth Survey. Results Reductions in parental supervision and increases in peer drug use and peer delinquency were associated with increases in marijuana frequency, alcohol frequency, and alcohol quantity. Increases in parental stress were associated with increases in marijuana and alcohol frequency. The magnitudes of these relationships were strongest at ages 14–15 and systematically decreased across adolescence. These associations were not due to unmeasured stable confounders or measured time-varying confounders. Conclusions Reducing or mitigating changes in parenting and peer risk factors in early adolescence may be particularly important for preventing substance use problems as adolescents transition into young adulthood. Keywords Peer influence · Parental influence · Substance use · Adolescence · Transition to adulthood · Fixed effects
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01955-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Seth J. Prins [email protected] 1
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 722 W 168 St, Room 521, New York, NY 10032, USA
2
Oakland, USA
3
Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
4
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
5
Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Social context is central to the development of substance use problems. For adolescents, interactions with parents and peers are key socio-contextual factors that infl
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