Identifying watershed-scale spatiotemporal groundwater and surface water mixing function in the Yiluo River, Middle of C
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Identifying watershed-scale spatiotemporal groundwater and surface water mixing function in the Yiluo River, Middle of China Xihua Wang 1,2,3 & Changli Liu 1 & Hongbing Hou 1 & Xiuyan Wang 1,3 Received: 12 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Researching the watershed-scale spatiotemporal groundwater and surface water mixing function, groundwater recharge heights and age can provide important information to watershed water sources management and water pollution controlling. In this study, 20 groundwater samples, 6 precipitation samples, and 40 surface water samples in the Yiluo River watershed in middle China were collected, and the mixing function between groundwater and surface water, recharge height, and age of groundwater was studied by using hydrochemistry (Cl, DO, EC, pH), radioactive isotopes (14C), and stable isotopes (13C, 18O, 15N). The results showed that river and shallow groundwater had frequent interaction. Evaporation function played a major role in the groundwater recharging process. Groundwater age displayed spatial and seasonal variations, and the age ranged from 660 to 2800 years (dry season) and 560 to 1800 years (wet season) in downstream and midstream, while the age range from 12,025 to 143,600 years (dry season) and 10,560 to 12,650 years (wet season) in upstream. The average recharge height of downstream and midstream both in dry and wet seasons is about 576.00 to 908.70 m. While in upstream, both, in the dry and wet seasons, ranged from 1285 to 2680 m. The mixing function between groundwater and surface water displayed spatiotemporal variety. These results of this study can provide useful information for the watershed-scale water resources management. Keywords Watershed-scale . Mixing function . Recharge height . Groundwater age . Multi-isotope and hydrogeochemical methods . Yiluo River
Introduction Groundwater and surface water are essential parts of global water cycle and provide usefully water sources to many fields (agriculture, industry, and drinking water) for human beings (Kalbus et al. 2006; Lansdown et al. 2010; Unland et al. 2014; Roshan et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2016). While groundwater (shallow groundwater, deep groundwater, etc.) and surface Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Xihua Wang [email protected] 1
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Zhonghua North street No.268, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
3
Key laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhonghua North Street No.268, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
water (lakes, rivers, wetlands, etc.), as a single water body, always have intensive connection (hydraulic, energy, physical and chemical interaction, etc.) (Thomas et al. 1998; Ellis and Rivett 2007; Wang e
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