Geochemical characteristic and water quality index of groundwater and surface water at Lower River Muda Basin, Malaysia
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Geochemical characteristic and water quality index of groundwater and surface water at Lower River Muda Basin, Malaysia Mohd Khairul Nizar Shamsuddin 1,2 & Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman 2 & Mohammad Firuz Bin Ramli 2 & Faradiella Mohd Kusin 2 Received: 31 October 2017 / Accepted: 1 April 2019 / Published online: 2 May 2019 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2019
Abstract Drought season when compounded with El Niño phenomenon may implicate the availability of water resources and subsequently impact the quality of domestic, irrigation, and water industry. This has sparked the investigations to be undertaken regarding the hydrochemical traits of surface water and groundwater for alluvial aquifer in Penang and Kedah at Riverbank Filtration (RBF) sites. From this work, 121 samples of groundwater and surface water of standard drinking water quality for both wet and dry seasons have been collected and analysed for various parameters and indices. The resulting outcomes have illuminated several outcomes. The results showed that, firstly, the sequences of major cations and anions were Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−, respectively. The resulting Piper and Gibb’s diagrams both have indicated that water-rock interaction has caused groundwater and surface water to transform. Secondly, geochemical relationship has indicated that groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by the mechanism of carbonate mineral gypsum and halite dissolution. They have also highlighted ion exchange to be the secondary processes yielding higher concentration of Na+ and Mg2+ ions. Thirdly, the index method assessments have yielded similar outcomes for a majority of them, indicating that all groundwater and surface water samples can be categorised as excellent and excellent to good categories respectively. However, only PI method has resulted in 62% of the samples to be classified as unsuitable for irrigation, as its calculated equation scored > 75. Therefore, it can be concluded that groundwater and surface water are both typically acceptable for irrigation uses. Keywords Conjunctive use groundwater and surface water . Groundwater and surface water index . Muda river basin . Post monsoon season . Pre monsoon season . Malaysia
Introduction The combination of El Niño phenomenon, rising market calls for potable and agricultural water, insufficient accessibility for surface water, and integrated usage of groundwater and surface water have impacted the development of sustainability. The latter factor is particularly important as in many countries; groundwater and surface water are the principal sources of Editorial handling: Lassaad Dassi * Mohd Khairul Nizar Shamsuddin [email protected] 1
Hydrogeology Research Centre, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
water supply for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes (Su et al. 2014a, 201
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