Image Mining, Spatial
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As in the digital image era, the development of image compression techniques in GIS is progressing at a rapid pace. Future Directions The development of image compression technique in GIS is toward more efficient algorithms with high compression ratios, low magnitudes of the error introduced by the encoding (lossy image compression), and fast and scalable coding and retrieval. Cross References Map Generalization
Recommended Reading Wikipedia. Image compression. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_ compression Saha, S.: Image compression—from DCT to wavelets: a review. http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds6-3/sahaimgcoding.html Motta, G., Rizzo, F., Storer, J. A.: Digital image compression. In: Ralston, A., Reilly, E.D., Hemmendinger, D. (eds.) The Encyclopedia of Computer Science, 4th edn. Grove Dictionaries (2000) GIS Standards. http://fortboise.org/maps/GISstandards.html Komzak, J., Slavik, P.: Architecture of system for configurable GIS data compression. http://kmi.open.ac.uk/people/jiri/publ/ wscg2002.pdf Pajarola, R., Widmayer, P.: Spatial indexing into compressed raster images: how to answer range queries without decompression. http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/vmml/admin/upload/MMDBMS96.pdf Matsuoka, R., Sone, M., Fukue, K., Cho, K., Shimoda, H.: Quantitative analysis of image quality of lossy compression images. http:// www.isprs.org/istanbul2004/comm3/papers/348.pdf Pajarola, R., Widmayer, P.: An image compression method for spatial search. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 9, (2000) Ageenko, E.I., Frnti, P.: Compression of large binary images in digital spatial libraries. Comput. Graphics 24, 91–98 (2000) Schiewe, J.: Effect of lossy data compression techniques of geometry and information content of satellite imagery. IAPRS. 32, 540–544 (1998) Hassan Ghassemain. On-board satellite image compressiaon by object-feature wxtraction. International Atchieves of Photogrammertry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.35, 820–825 (2004)
Image Mining, Spatial S UDHANSHU S EKHAR PANDA Department of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Gainesville State College, Gainesville, GA, USA Synonyms Visual data mining; Image pattern; Object recognition; Association rules: image indexing and retrieval; Feature extraction
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Definition Image mining is synonymous to data mining concept. It is important to first understand the data mining concept prior to image mining. Data mining is a set of techniques used in an automated approach to exhaustively explore and establish relationships in very large datasets. It is the process of analyzing large sets of domain-specific data and subsequently extracting information and knowledge in a form of new relationships, patterns, or clusters for the decision-making process [1]. Data mining applications are of three-level application architecture. These layers include applications, approaches, and algorithms and models [2]. The approaches of data mining are association, sequence-based analysis, clustering, estimation, classification, etc. Algorithms and models are then developed based on the datas
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