Spatial Data Mining
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Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) P HYLLIS A LTHEIDE U.S. Geological Survey Geospatial Information Office, Rolla, MO, USA Synonyms SDTS; FIPS PUB 173; FIPS 173; ANSI NCITS 320-1998; Standards, consentual; NIST; FGDC; Data quality; Map accuracy; G-ring; G-polygon; Chain; Layer; Raster; Manifold; Voxel; Pixel; Profiles; Profile, topological; Vector (TVP); Digital line graph; DLG Definition The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) is a standard whose purpose is to promote and facilitate the data exchange of digital geo-referenced spatial data, attributes, and metadata between different computer systems and applications The SDTS was first ratified in 1992 by the US Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 173. SDTS was then promoted to become a national standard and it was subsequently ratified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1998 as National Committee for Information Technology Standards (NCITS) 320-1998. SDTS is also endorsed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) as one of the core standards to support the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). Historical Background As with any standard, SDTS was developed to solve a recurring problem. As the computer industry in the 1970’s was maturing and developing, computers began to
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be used for many diverse applications including cartography, spatial data analysis, and image processing. Increasing amounts of digital spatial data were being generated and stored. Computer systems and applications that could generate and use spatial data were incompatible. Spatial data could not be reused or shared or exchanged between different computer systems. The lack of standards inhibited the data exchange of spatial data between data producers and consumers. SDTS was developed to address this issue. The history of SDTS spans three decades. These can be characterized as the1980’s are the emergence of a standard, 1990’s are implementation, and the 2000’s are a time of revision. In the 1980’s, the need for a data exchange standard was recognized, so the work began. The spatial data industry was in its infancy, so a common set of terms needed to be developed. The work on defining spatial objects yielded terms like “chain” and “GT-polygon”. Feature sets were as varied as the data producers, so common entity names like “watercourse” were proposed. SDTS is the result of the combined efforts of the government, private industry, and the academic community. For a detailed historical account of the early development of SDTS, including the groups, individuals, methods and processes, see The American Cartographer January 1988. For SDTS, the 1990’s were an era of formal standardization, harmonization, profile development, promotio
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