Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Impact of HIV Infection
Mycobacterium tuberculosis control relies on a well-orchestrated immune response, where a complex array of innate and adaptive immune cells responses act synergistically to restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. While different immune cell subsets ha
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nd Tuberculosis A Formidable Alliance
HIV and Tuberculosis
Irini Sereti • Gregory P. Bisson Graeme Meintjes Editors
HIV and Tuberculosis A Formidable Alliance
Editors Irini Sereti National Institute of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Bethesda, MD, USA
Gregory P. Bisson Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
Graeme Meintjes Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
ISBN 978-3-030-29107-5 ISBN 978-3-030-29108-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29108-2 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Prior to the emergence of the HIV epidemic, the global TB burden was steadily declining over time, largely due to strengthening TB treatment programs delivering shortcourse TB chemotherapy, which could cure most patients in 6 months. With the emergence of HIV in the 1990s, trends in progress in controlling TB, including reductions in TB incidence and decreasing TB mortality rates, began to be tragically reversed, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa but in highly resourced countries such as the United States as well [1, 2]. Evaluating changes in TB incidence over time by global region throughout the 1990s and early 2000s revealed what has now been repeatedly demonstrated in large-scale epidemiologic analyses: HIV infection profoundly increases the risk of active TB disease, and regions with the highes
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