Immunochromatographic test and ELISA for the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and A/B toxins as an alternative
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VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY - SHORT COMMUNICATION
Immunochromatographic test and ELISA for the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and A/B toxins as an alternative for the diagnosis of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile–associated diarrhea in foals and neonatal piglets Carolina Pantuzza Ramos 1 & Emily Oliveira Lopes 1 & Carlos Augusto Oliveira Júnior 1 Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato 1 & Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva 1
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Amanda Nádia Diniz 1
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Received: 9 November 2019 / Accepted: 15 April 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2020
Abstract Considering the lack of studies evaluating the performance of commercially available methods for diagnosis of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) in animals, the present study aimed to assess an immunochromatographic test for detection of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and A/B toxins of C. difficile, also evaluated by an ELISA kit, in foals and neonatal piglets. Intestinal contents of 47 piglets and feces of 35 foals were tested to GDH antigen and A/B toxins in a lateral flow method (Ecodiagnostica, Brazil). Also, these samples were submitted to A/B toxin detection by an ELISA kit (C. difficile Tox A/B II, Techlab Inc., USA), using the toxigenic culture (TC) as the reference method. The GDH component of the lateral flow test showed sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% and a high specificity in samples of piglets (82.61%) and foals (100%). Detection of A/B toxins using the lateral flow test and the ELISA resulted in a specificity of 100% in samples of both species. On the other hand, the sensibility ranged from 54.2 to 90% for the ELISA and from 12.5 to 60% for the lateral flow test for piglets’ and foals’ samples, respectively. In conclusion, the present work suggests that the lateral flow test for GDH detection could be a useful method for diagnosing CDI in these species. On the other hand, the low sensitivity of the lateral flow test for A/ B toxins might compromise its utility in piglets. Keywords Colitis . Nosocomial diarrhea . Swine . Horses
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is responsible for most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans [1, 2] and is a major cause of diarrhea and colitis in several domestic animals and some wildlife [3]. In piglets, C. difficile infection (CDI) can vary from a subclinical colitis to a mild diarrhea that can impact the weight gain of these animals [4]. In foals, CDI is a life-threatening diarrhea that commonly develops after antimicrobial therapy [5]. It is noteworthy a previous study in Brazil showed that there is a lack of awareness of CDI in foals by veterinarians, which makes it difficult to recognize the disease, commonly leading to an unsuccessful Responsible Editor: Miliane Moreira Soares de Souza. * Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva [email protected] 1
Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
treatment [6]. In addition to the importance as swine and equine enteropathogen, several studies
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