Immunogenicity and Immunodominance in Antibody Responses
A large number of vaccines exist that control many of the most important infectious diseases. Despite these successes, there remain many pathogens without effective prophylactic vaccines. Notwithstanding strong difference in the biology of these infectiou
- PDF / 291,851 Bytes
- 14 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 61 Downloads / 225 Views
Contents 1 2
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... Optimizing Antibody Responses......................................................................................... 2.1 General Considerations............................................................................................... 2.2 Strength of the Responses .......................................................................................... 2.3 Native Epitope Display .............................................................................................. 2.4 Duration of the Responses ......................................................................................... 3 A Case Study: Influenza Virus ........................................................................................... 4 A Case Study: HIV ............................................................................................................. References ..................................................................................................................................
Abstract A large number of vaccines exist that control many of the most important infectious diseases. Despite these successes, there remain many pathogens without effective prophylactic vaccines. Notwithstanding strong difference in the biology of these infectious agents, there exist common problems in vaccine design. Many infectious agents have highly variable surface antigens and/or unusually high antibody levels are required for protection. Such high variability may be addressed by using conserved epitopes and these are, however, usually difficult to display with the right conformation in an immunogenic fashion. Exceptionally high antibody titers may be achieved using life vectors or virus-like display of the epitopes. Hence, an important goal in modern vaccinology is to induce high antibody responses against fragile antigens.
M. Vogel M. F. Bachmann (&) Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Sahlihaus 2, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] M. Vogel e-mail: [email protected] M. F. Bachmann The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2019_160 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
2
M. Vogel and M. F. Bachmann
1 Introduction The most successful prophylactic vaccines are based on the induction of neutralizing antibodies. Indeed, almost all currently used vaccines have neutralizing antibodies as their primary protective mechanism. These vaccines profit from two important features of the pathogens they are designed to protect against: (1) low amounts of specific antibodies are usually sufficient for protection and (2) the epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies are well exposed and stable. Hence, the prototype antiviral vaccine consists of chemically inactivated viral particles and the prototype antibacterial vaccine is eit
Data Loading...
