Impact of COVID-19 on the Cardiovascular System: A Review of Available Reports
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Impact of COVID-19 on the Cardiovascular System: A Review of Available Reports R. S. Soumya 1 & T. Govindan Unni 2 & K. G. Raghu 1 Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The recent emergence of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China is now a global health emergency. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly via human-to-human contact. This virus is expected to be of zoonotic origin and has a high genome identity to that of bat derived SARS-like coronavirus. Various stringent measures have been implemented to lower person-to-person transmission of COVID-19. Particular observations and attempts have been made to reduce transmission in vulnerable populations, including older adults, children, and healthcare providers. This novel CoV enters the cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. There is a higher risk of COVID-19 infection among those with preexisting cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and it has been connected with various direct and indirect complications, including myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, venous thromboembolism, and arrhythmias. This article summarizes the various cardiovascular complications and mechanisms responsible for the same with COVID-19 infection. For the benefit of the scientific community and public, the effect of COVID-19 on major vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, and intestines has been briefly discussed. In this review, we also discuss drugs in different stages of clinical trials and their associated complications, as well as the details of vaccines in various stages of development. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 . COVID-19 . Cardiovascular diseases . Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Introduction On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease a global pandemic. In December 2019, a group of pneumonia cases caused by a newly identified β-coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China [1, 2]. On January 12, 2020, WHO named this coronavirus as the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Then WHO officially called the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and on February 11, 2020, the Coronavirus Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee proposed
* K. G. Raghu [email protected] 1
Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
2
Department of Cardiology, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala 680005, India
the name for the virus as SARS-CoV-2 [3]. On January 7, 2020, Chinese scientists isolated SARS-CoV-2 from a patient and determined the genome sequencing [4]. The virus has spread to over 20 countries, with 20,530,324 patients and 746,022 deaths as of August 12, 2020. The clinical observations of disease patterns reveal that infections have a direct impact on the cardio
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