Impact of drought stress and stress modifiers on water use efficiency, membrane lipidation indices, and water relationsh
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BIOCHEMISTRY & PHYSIOLOGY - ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Impact of drought stress and stress modifiers on water use efficiency, membrane lipidation indices, and water relationship indices of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Esmaeil Gholinezhad1 Received: 11 July 2020 / Revised: 22 August 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 / Published online: 23 September 2020 © Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2020
Abstract This study was conducted as a factorial layout based on completely randomized design in three replications in the 2018. The experimental factors included irrigation intervals with 4 levels (3, 6, 9, and 12 days) and drought stress modifiers at four levels (control (non-spraying), spraying with salicylic acid (2 mM), Glycine betaine (5 mM), and zinc sulfate (5 g L −1). The results indicated that the effect of different levels of drought stress and stress modifiers on yield, water use efficiency, membrane lipidation indices, and water relationship indices were significant. The highest water use efficiency based on dry yield (WUEDY) (2.33 kg m−3) and water use efficiency based on essential oil yield ( WUEEOY) (0.22 kg m−3) were obtained from irrigation intervals of three days. With increasing irrigation interval from three days to 12 days, dry yield, leaf water content, WUEEOY, cellular membrane stability (CMS), membrane stability index (MSI), total chlorophyll, chlorophyll index, canopy temperature depression (CTD), and relative water content decreased. However, injury index (I), water saturation deficit (WSD), osmotic potential (OP), electrolyte leakage (EL), essential oil percentage, and leaf temperature increased significantly. It seems that at all levels of irrigation, spraying with glycine betaine compared to other modifiers was more effective in increasing WUEDY, WUEEOY, CMS, MSI, total chlorophyll and relative water content, and decrease in I and WSD and EL. Based on the findings, it can be stated that with increasing the irrigation intervals, quantitative and qualitative yields of the pot marigold plant are reduced. The application of drought stress modifiers can reduce the effects of drought stress on this plant, thereby raising WUEDY and WUEEOY. Keywords Drought stress · Essential oil percentage · Glycine betaine · Pot marigold · Water use efficiency
1 Introduction The goal of planting pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is to produce drugs and active ingredients in flowers, especially in petals (Martin and Deo 2000). Pot marigold is effective in the treatment of gastric and peptic ulcer (Ganjali et al. 2010), burn, skin discomfort and hepatic treatment (Fonseca et al. 2010). Its ointment is used to treat wounds, herpes and colds (Muley et al. 2009), and its flowers as edible colors (Ganjali et al. 2010). Water deficit is a serious threat to the global crop production. * Esmaeil Gholinezhad [email protected] 1
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Environmental stresses such as water deficit have adverse impacts on plant morphology; survival and dr
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