Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products
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Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot & Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz Mariusz Dudziak & Edyta Łaskawiec
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Received: 29 June 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Recommendations regarding disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in pool waters consider the content of trihalomethanes (THMs) and combined chlorine (CC) as indicators of DBPs based on which the health risk for swimmers and staff of pool facility can be determined. However, the content of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors. In this paper, the influence of selected factors (physicochemical parameters of water and technological parameters) on the content of THMs and CC in pool water was determined. During the 6-month period, 9 pools of various functions were analyzed. The water in pools was subjected to the same method of treatment. The content of THMs and CC was compared against the content of organic matter, free chlorine and nitrates, pH, temperature, redox potential and turbidity, technological, and operational parameters. The THM content did not exceed the limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The content of CC varied significantly, from 0.05 to 1.13 mg Cl2/L. It was found that a very large water volume per person, in comparison to a very small one, contributed to the low content of CC and THMs. The high load expressed as m3 of water per person or m2 of water per person and the specific function of hot tubs (HT1 and HT2) led to the average concentration of CC in these pools exceeding 0.3 mg Cl2/L. The THM concentrations in hot tubs (especially in HT1) were also J. Wyczarska-Kokot (*) : A. Lempart-Rapacewicz : M. Dudziak : E. Łaskawiec Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 Street, Room 247, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
among the largest (0.038–0.058 mg/L). In terms of the analyzed microbiological indicators, the quality of the tested pool water samples was not in doubt. It was found that the purpose of the pool, its volume, and number of swimmers should be the key parameters that determine the choice of methods of water treatment. The research on the pool water quality in the actual working conditions of swimming pool facilities is necessary due to the need to preserve the health safety of swimmers and staff. Keywords Trihalomethanes . Combined chlorine . Swimming pool water . Technological factors . Physicochemical factors
Introduction Chlorination is the most commonly used disinfection approach for maintaining swimming pool water quality. Chlorine kills bacteria by attacking their lipids in the cell walls and destroying the enzymes and structures inside the cell. While the bacteria-killing properties of chlorine are very useful, they have some side effects. The chlorine solution poured into the water breaks down, among others, into hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ion (OCl−). Once they are done killing the bacteria, they combine with another che
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