Impact on ground-level ozone formation by emission characterization of volatile organic compounds from a flex-fuel light
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Impact on ground-level ozone formation by emission characterization of volatile organic compounds from a flex-fuel light-duty vehicle fleet in a traffic tunnel in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Ednardo Moreira Santos 1,2
&
Débora de Almeida Azevedo 2
Received: 17 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the contribution of mobile source emissions from, in particular, light-duty vehicles (LDVs) to tropospheric ozone formation in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA), by quantifying the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a representative urban road tunnel of the city. The importance of having this type of study in Brazil is because this country has a unique vehicle emission scenario that passenger cars can use different percentages of bioethanol mixed in gasoline. The concentration of speciated VOCs in Rebouças tunnel in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was measured in two campaigns, total period of eight weekdays, and the VOC determination was used to calculate the average composition of the emissions of Rio de Janeiro’s LDV fleet. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method TO-15 was applied to determine the concentrations of VOCs C3–C12. It was found that the vehicles circulating through the tunnel were predominantly light-duty flex-fuel cars (99%). The VOC profile was constant in the monitored period. The most abundant compounds were, in order, propane, iso-pentane, n-pentane, propene, and n-butane. In addition, mono-aromatic compounds were found to be the VOC class with the highest ozone-forming potential (OFP), while propene was the main VOC contributor to ozone formation, being responsible for 27% of the troposphere ozone formed by the total VOCs monitored in the present study. Keywords VOC . Canister . Tunnel . Vehicle emission . Light-duty vehicle . Ozone-forming potential
Introduction According to the United Nations, air pollution is today considered the most pressing environmental health risk. It is responsible for 1 in 9 deaths worldwide, which translates to more than 6 million deaths every year (UNEP 2017); poor air quality is also responsible for 2.7 million premature births every year (Malley et al. 2017). The populations most exposed to air pollutants—and, therefore, who suffer the most adverse health effects—are those living in megacities, both in developed and developing regions. The transportation sector is a * Ednardo Moreira Santos ednardoms@petrobras.com.br * Débora de Almeida Azevedo debora@iq.ufrj.br 1
Petrobras, CENPES, Av. Horácio Macedo 950, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-915, Brazil
2
Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo 1281, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
major source of emissions linked to elevated fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ground-level ozone, and nitrogen dioxide concentrations, all of which negatively affect human health (Anenberg et al. 2019; Andreão and Albuquerque 2020; Clements et al. 2020). The Rio de Janei
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