Impacts of CO 2 -driven seawater acidification on survival, egg production rate and hatching success of four marine cope
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Impacts of CO2 -driven seawater acidification on survival, egg production rate and hatching success of four marine copepods ZHANG Dajuan1 , LI Shaojing1,2∗ , WANG Guizhong1,2 , GUO Donghui1,2 1 2
College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Received 26 August 2010; accepted 19 May 2011 ©The Chinese Society of Oceanography and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
Abstract Ecological experiments were conducted to examine the effects of seawater containing elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 800×10−6 , 2 000×10−6 , 5 000×10−6 and 10 000×10−6 ) on the survival and reproduction of female Acartia pacifica, Acartia spinicauda, Calanus sinicus and Centropages tenuiremis, which are the dominant copepods in the southern coastal waters of China. The results show that the effects of elevated pCO2 on the survival rates of copepods were speciesspecific. C. sinicus, which was a macro-copepod, had a higher survival rate (62.01%–71.96%) than the other three species (5.00%–26.67%) during the eight day exposure. The egg production rates of C. sinicus, A. spinicauda and C. tenuiremis were significantly inhibited by the increased pCO2 and the exposure time duration. There were significantly negative impacts on the egg hatching success of A. spinicauda and C. tenuiremis in the pCO2 2 000×10−6 and 10 000×10−6 groups, and, in addition, the exposure time had noticeably impacts on these rates too. This study indicates that the reproductive performances of copepods were sensitive to elevated pCO2 , and that the response of different copepod species to acidified seawater was different. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of seawater acidification and climate change or other pollutant stresses on organisms should be given more attention. Key words: CO2 -driven acidification, copepod, survival, reproductive performance
(Broecker, 1997; Parson and Keith, 1998), as a result of which the pH of hundreds of cubic kilometers of seawater around the sequestering site would be below 7.0 (Herzog et al., 1996; Caulfield et al., 1997; Huesemann et al., 2002). Obviously, whether the CO2 is absorbed by the surface seawater or sequestrated into the deep-sea, harmful influences on marine ecosystems and organisms are unavoidable. The impacts of acidification on marine invertebrates have been focused on the calcifying organisms, while researchers have paid less attention to the noncalcifying organisms, such as copepods, which play an indispensable role in the food web (Shek and Liu, 2010), and can affect the growth and reproduction of the higher trophic organisms. The previous studies of the impacts of seawater acidification on copepods concentrate on the lethal effects (Thistle et al., 2006; Watanabe et al., 2006) and community structure (Fischer et al., 2001; Walseng et al., 2008), but rarely on reproductive performance. So far, only Kurihara
1 Introduction The current increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) conce
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