Volcanic CO 2 seep geochemistry and use in understanding ocean acidification
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Volcanic CO2 seep geochemistry and use in understanding ocean acidification A. Aiuppa . J. M. Hall-Spencer . M. Milazzo . G. Turco . S. Caliro . R. Di Napoli
Received: 8 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 November 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Ocean acidification is one of the most dramatic effects of the massive atmospheric release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) that has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, although its effects on marine ecosystems are not well understood. Submarine volcanic hydrothermal fields have geochemical conditions that provide opportunities to characterise the effects of elevated levels of seawater CO2 on marine life in the field. Here, we review the geochemical aspects of shallow marine CO2-rich seeps worldwide, focusing on both gas composition
Responsible Editor: Kelman Wieder
Supplementary Information The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00737-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Aiuppa (&) M. Milazzo G. Turco R. Di Napoli Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Universita` di Palermo, Palermo, Italy e-mail: [email protected] J. M. Hall-Spencer School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK J. M. Hall-Spencer Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan S. Caliro Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy
and water chemistry. We then describe the geochemical effects of volcanic CO2 seepage on the overlying seawater column. We also present new geochemical data and the first synthesis of marine biological community changes from one of the best-studied marine CO2 seep sites in the world (off Vulcano Island, Sicily). In areas of intense bubbling, extremely high levels of pCO2 ([ 10,000 latm) result in low seawater pH (\ 6) and undersaturation of aragonite and calcite in an area devoid of calcified organisms such as shelled molluscs and hard corals. Around 100–400 m away from the Vulcano seeps the geochemistry of the seawater becomes analogous to future ocean acidification conditions with dissolved carbon dioxide levels falling from 900 to 420 latm as seawater pH rises from 7.6 to 8.0. Calcified species such as coralline algae and sea urchins fare increasingly well as sessile communities shift from domination by a few resilient species (such as uncalcified algae and polychaetes) to a diverse and complex community (including abundant calcified algae and sea urchins) as the seawater returns to ambient levels of CO2. Laboratory advances in our understanding of species sensitivity to high CO2 and low pH seawater, reveal how marine organisms react to simulated ocean acidification conditions (e.g., using energetic tradeoffs for calcification, reproduction, growth and survival). Research at volcanic marine seeps, such as those off Vulcano, highlight consistent ecosystem responses to rising levels of seawater CO2, with the simplification of food
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