Impedance testing of porous Si 3 N 4 scaffolds for skeletal implant applications
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Impedance testing of porous Si3N4 scaffolds for skeletal implant applications Serdar Onat Akbulut1 · Hamed Ghorbanpoor2 · Betül Özbek İpteç3 · Adrian Butterworth4 · Gamze Avcıoğlu3 · Leyla Didem Kozacı3 · Gülsüm Topateş1 · Damion K. Corrigan4 · Hüseyin Avcı5,6 · Fatma D. Güzel2 Received: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 11 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 OPEN
Abstract Si3N4 ceramics show excellent characteristics of mechanical and chemical resistance in combination with good biocompatibility, antibacterial property and radiolucency. Therefore, they are intensively studied as structural materials in skeletal implant applications. Despite their attractive properties, there are limited data in the field about in vitro studies of cellular growth on ceramic implant materials. In this study, the growth of bone cells was investigated on porous silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic implant by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Partial sintering was performed at 1700 °C with limited amount of sintering additive for the production of porous Si3N4 scaffolds. All samples were then sterilized by using ethylene oxide followed by culturing MG-63 osteosarcoma cells on the substrates for in vitro assays. At 20 and 36 h, EIS was performed and results demonstrated that magnitude of the impedance as a result of the changes in the culture medium increased after incubation with osteosarcoma cells. The changes are attributed to the cellular uptake of charged molecules from the medium. Si3N4 samples appear to show large impedance magnitude changes, especially between 100 and 1 Hz. Impedance changes were also correlated with WST-1 measurements (36 h) and DAPI results. Keywords Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy · Cellular attachment · Bone implant · Si3N4
1 Introduction Si3N4 ceramics are non-oxide technical ceramics that have been used in various applications due to its advantageous combination of chemical, thermal, tribological, and mechanical properties [1–4]. Beside these unique properties, the possible usability of Si3N4 as a bone substitute or an implant was proven with various studies [5–7]. This is due to the fact that the surface of the S i3N4 ceramics has a unique property which helps to increase the metabolic activity of osteoblast cells; this results in efficient bone growth. In other words, the surface of S i3N4 encourages
cells to produce bony apatite [8]. Si3N4 ceramics also support osteogenesis behaviour where human mesenchymal cells (HMC) differentiate to osteoblast cells [9, 10]. In one study, Si3N4 ceramic-based hip prosthesis was compared with the commercially used hip prostheses which are CoCr and Al2O3 and it was shown that Si3N4 had the lowest artefact level in the MRI images than CoCr and Al2O3 [11]. In other studies, S i3N4 ceramics were used to investigate the relation between biocompatibility, cell growth behaviour and antibacterial resistance [12, 13]. The Si3N4 surface inhibits bacterial colonization because it releases NH4+ (in major) and NH3 (in minor) ions at physiological pH.
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