Implementation of Bioavailability in Prospective and Retrospective Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Soils and Sediments
The quality of soils and sediments is commonly evaluated on the basis of total contaminant concentrations within prospective as well as in retrospective risk assessment. From common practice, the perception has arisen that performing risk evaluation by me
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Consideration of Bioavailability in Prospective Risk Assessment 2.1 General 2.2 Derivation of Risk Limits/Quality Standards 3 Inclusion of Bioavailability in Retrospective Risk Assessment 3.1 General 3.2 Tiered Approaches to Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 3.3 Site-Specific Risk Assessment: The Triad Approach 4 Implementation of Bioavailability in Risk Assessment 4.1 Why Implementation of Bioavailability? 4.2 Experimental Methods Available for Implementation of Bioavailability in (Tiered) Risk Assessment 4.3 Reference Framework as the Basis for Implementation of Bioavailability 5 Perspective References
Abstract The quality of soils and sediments is commonly evaluated on the basis of total contaminant concentrations within prospective as well as in retrospective risk assessment. From common practice, the perception has arisen that performing risk evaluation by measuring or modelling total concentrations often leads to either over- or underestimation of the risks: too often there is an indication of risk whereas in reality the ecosystem seems to be unaffected, whereas on the other hand, there are examples in which adverse effects are observed in realistic field settings at levels W. J. G. M. Peijnenburg (*) National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_516, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
W. J. G. M. Peijnenburg
well below toxicity levels generated in a laboratory setting. This calls for properly accounting for the impact of the binding capacity of soils and sediments on the availability and risks of contaminants in soils and sediments. Building upon an analysis of common approaches in prospective and retrospective risk assessment, an overview is given of options for inclusion of the encompassing bioavailability assessment in risk assessment. The overview culminates in a recommendation of chemical and analytical methods suited to mimic bioavailability, and a regulatory-oriented framework for actual implementation of these methods in effect-oriented risk assessment is depicted. Given pragmatic considerations (including the obvious desire of continued use of the current set of toxicity data), the regulatory framework boils down to directly relating measured/ modelled bioavailable concentrations to either toxicity data for soil or sediment organisms or to toxicity data for aquatic biota. Keywords Accumulation, Bioavailability, Bioconcentration, Ecotoxicity, Hydrophobicity, Organic compounds, Sediment, Soil, Sorption, Toxicity, Trophic transfer
1 Introduction Environmental risk assessment basically aims to assess the likelihood of chemicals causing harm to man and the environment to an extent that exceeds acceptable limits. En
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