Implementation of OR/MS in the Public Sector
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Identity Matrix
IID
A square matrix A ¼ aij with aii ¼ 1 and all aij ¼ 0 for i ¼ j.
Independent and identically distributed (random variables).
See ▶ Matrices and Matrix Algebra
IFORS ▶ International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS)
IFR Increasing failure rate.
Imbedded Markov Chain An analysis technique used to analyze a queueing system that is not a continuous-time Markov chain. It appraises the system at selected time points which allow the system to be analyzed via a discrete-parameter Markov chain. The queue length process in the M/G/1 queueing system is not Markovian, but can be analyzed via a Markov chain at service completion time points.
See ▶ Markov Chains ▶ Markov Processes ▶ Queueing Theory
See ▶ Distribution Selection for Stochastic Modeling ▶ Failure-Rate Function ▶ Reliability of Stochastic Systems
Implementation
IIASA
The Watch It and Model It Approach
▶ International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
The primary assumption of this approach to OR Implementation is that if the OR/MS person is
R. E. D. Woolsey Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
S.I. Gass, M.C. Fu (eds.), Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1153-7, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
I
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sufficiently educated in the theoretical constructs and methodology that only minimum exposure to the actual situation is required. This assumption often works startlingly well in practice because the graduates of such programs are customarily drawn from the already rich and/or extremely bright quartile of the population. In short, entrance to these schools requires either massive amounts of money or outstanding academic performance which generates a scholarship. The argument is as follows. The product of this approach, when confronted with a real-world problem, could do a memory search from their conceptual education and unerringly choose the proper model for the solution of the problem. It is often implied that the rest is dog work which can be safely handed to others. The good news about this approach is that if the OR/MS person is quite bright, quick and politically aware, excellent results usually obtain in spite of lack of knowledge of the system. Any tailoring of the process again is accomplished quickly due to the acuteness of the intellect of the person. It must also be pointed out that the customer is often sufficiently in awe of the educational, cultural, and economic background of the consultant that Gestalt psychology plays no small part in acceptance of models. This approach has been found to be particularly effective in strategic and high-level corporate planning with correspondingly high acceptance by top management. Another way to characterize situations where this approach does well is to say that the less measurable the results, the better the acceptance. The bad news about this approach is that it almost uniformly fails in the tactical world. Manufacturing managers are justly famous for having little time for acad
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