Improved protocol for micropropagation of genetically uniform plants of commercially important cardamom ( Elettaria card
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PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Improved protocol for micropropagation of genetically uniform plants of commercially important cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) Era Vaidya Malhotra 1
&
M. Kamalapriya 1,2 & Sangita Bansal 1 & D. P. S. Meena 1 & Anuradha Agrawal 1
Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 / Editor: Pamela Weathers # The Society for In Vitro Biology 2020
Abstract Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is a highly valuable commercial spice crop, originating from the Western Ghats of southern India. It has importance both as a spice and for its medicinal properties. An efficient and reliable micropropagation protocol using shoot tips as explants is presented which can be utilized for development of elite planting material. Growth patterns of cardamom shoots were analyzed on 45 media treatments and best shoot proliferation was recorded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2.32 μM kinetin (Kn) with 5.83 shoots regenerated per explant. The longest shoots (6 cm) were observed on 0.44 μM BAP and 2.32 μM Kn containing medium. Regenerated shoots rooted well on full strength MS basal medium, generating 3.50 roots per explant with an average root length of 4.33 cm within 4 wk. Successful hardening with a field survival percentage of 80% was achieved after acclimatization of welldeveloped plantlets. Genetic stability of the micropropagated plants was confirmed using 13 ISSR markers. This study reports an improved micropropagation protocol for cardamom with an enhanced rate of shoot multiplication leading to the production of healthy shoots which can be easily rooted and successfully transferred to the field. Keywords In vitro clonal propagation . Cardamom . Genetic stability . Molecular markers . Field acclimatization
Introduction Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), commonly referred as the ‘Queen of Spices’, is one of the most sought after spices internationally. It is an indigenous crop to India originating in the evergreen forests of Western Ghats (Purseglove et al. 1981). India is among the leading cardamom-producing nations in the world. Approximately 20,650 MT of small cardamom was produced in India during 2017 - 2018, out of which 5680 MT was exported to earn a foreign exchange of 6.09 billion Indian Rupees (INR) (Spices Board India 2018). Cardamom plants are tall, perennial, ornamental,
* Era Vaidya Malhotra [email protected] 1
Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR - National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
2
Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
herbaceous rhizomatous monocotyledonous shrubs belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. The plant is valued for its dried fruits (capsules) containing aromatic seeds, which possess a strong, unique taste, resinous fragrance, and soothing aroma along with a cooling effect similar to mint. Cardamom has been used as both a spice and medicine since the fourth century, since it possesses carminative, stomachic, and anti-microbial properti
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