Improved Tensile Strength of Al-5Ce Alloy by Permanent Magnet Stirring
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La) and cerium (Ce) misch metal elements are by-products in the mining process and have the lowest prices among rare-earth elements (REEs).[1,2] Recent research reported that Al-Ce alloys prepared by powder metallurgy exhibited outstanding mechanical properties at elevated temperature, and the tensile strength reached around 240 MPa at 300 °C.[3] Therefore, adding cerium element to aluminum transforms by-products to co-products, decreases environment impact, and increases the manufacture of technology competitiveness for Al-Ce alloy applications.[4] Al-Ce alloys form a stable Al11Ce3 phase during solidification and normally do not require further heat treatment which wastes energy and time.[5] While traditional heatresistant intermetallic phases such as eutectic Si and Al2Cu are stable up to 250 °C, the Al11Ce3 phase shows much higher thermal stability up to 500 °C.[6] Ostwald
LIYANG WANG, BING YE, YANG BAI, HAIYAN JIANG, and WENJIANG DING are with the National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] RUIJUAN QI and RONG HUANG are with the Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. Manuscript submitted November 21, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
ripening of Al11Ce3 phase is significantly prevented due to the extremely low solubility (< 1 ppm) and diffusion coefficient (4.64 9 1019 m2/s) of Ce at 400 °C in Al matrix.[7] Relatively narrow solidification interval promises outstanding casting characteristics including fluidity and mold filling capability showing in Al-Si aluminum, and the developers won the 2017 R&D 100 Award for demonstration of the capability of Al-Ce alloys.[8,9] Hence, it is expected that Al-Ce casting alloys will find wide applications in heat-resistant automobile complex structural components. Al-Ce alloys show outstanding heat resistance and castability but have unsatisfactory mechanical properties at room temperature. With the increase of Ce content from 6 to 12 wt pct, Al-Ce alloys showed higher yield and tensile strength but lower elongation.[10] Al6Ce alloy exhibited the yield strength of 30 MPa, the tensile strength of 103 MPa and the elongation of 25 pct, and Al-12Ce exhibited 58, 163 MPa, and 13.5 pct, respectively.[11] The strengths of Al-Ce alloys are still not sufficient for many commercial applications, and there is a continuous need to seek a new processing method for lamellar Al11Ce3 phase morphology optimization. Plotkowski et al. obtained massive submicron Al11Ce3 phase in Al-10Ce alloy using laser additive manufacturing,[12] which owns an advantage of great undercooling. Permanent magnet stirring (PMS) method uses the rotating magnetic field to stirring melt, which also shows great promise in grain refinement such as A356 alloy by increasing primary phase equiaxed crystals number.[13] Using the melt shear thinning behavior under shear str
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