Improvement in canola yield and growth indices and water-use efficiency with subsurface drainage in a humid climate
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Improvement in canola yield and growth indices and water‑use efficiency with subsurface drainage in a humid climate Ahmad Asgari1 · Abdullah Darzi‑Naftchali1 · Mahdi Nadi1 · Seyed Farhad Saberali2 Received: 9 April 2020 / Revised: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering 2020
Abstract Improving the productivity of limited land and water resources is necessary to meet the increasing demand for food and feed. A 2-year (2016–18) field study was conducted in a humid climate in the north of Iran to examine the effect of different drainage systems on green water-use efficiency (GWUE), economic water productivity (EWP) and yield and growth indices of winter canola. The treatments consisted of surface drainage (Control) and three conventional subsurface drainage systems. Leaf area index (LAI) and total dry weight were measured randomly during different growth stages. The traits were then used to determine crop growth rate and relative growth rate. Subsurface drainage significantly improved yield and growth indices as well as GWUE and EWP compared with Control, with grater effectiveness under wet season. Yield, GWUE and EWP increase in subsurface drainage systems compared to surface drainage ranged from 460–890 and 825–1090 kg ha−1, 0.13–0.25 and 0.22–0.29 kg m−3 and 0.04–0.08 and 0.07–0.09 US $ m−3 in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. Mean LAI in the subsurface drained area was 23–24% and 5–10% more than that in Control in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. The results indicated that an appropriate subsurface drainage system as well as a management strategy is necessary to prevent potential adverse effects of waterlogging in wet seasons and to increase land and water productivity in the study area. Keywords Crop growth rate · Green water · Waterlogging · Water productivity
Introduction Energy demand is expected to rise by 1.3% each year to 2040 if the world continues along its present path, without any additional changes in policy (IEA 2019). Fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, are the primary energy sources of the world providing about 80% of the world’s * Abdullah Darzi‑Naftchali [email protected]; [email protected] Ahmad Asgari [email protected] Mahdi Nadi [email protected] Seyed Farhad Saberali [email protected] 1
Water Engineering Department, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, 4816118771 Sari, Iran
Department of Horticulture Science and Engineering, University of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat‑e Jam, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
2
energy supply (Balachandar et al. 2013). Burning these nonrenewable energy sources releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, making them the major contributors to global warming. Along with sustainable development goals, renewable energy can supply two-thirds of the total global energy demand and contribute to the bulk of the greenhouse gas emissions reduction (Gielen et al. 2019). Biodiesel, a renewable enviro
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