In situ remediation of 2,4-dicholrophenoxyacetic acid herbicide using amine-functionalized imidazole coordination comple
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
In situ remediation of 2,4-dicholrophenoxyacetic acid herbicide using amine-functionalized imidazole coordination complexes Saira Mansab 1
&
Uzaira Rafique 1
Received: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Demand of clean water is always a major concern due to continuous use of toxic pesticides and herbicides to overcome food scarcity. In Asian countries, wide use of ionizable 2,4-D herbicide has worsen problem due to its less binding ability with soil and can easily contaminate drinking water that causes potential risks to humans and environment. The present research focused on synthesis of amino-factionalized coordination complexes using imidazole-based amino benzoic acid ligands for remediation of acidic 2,4-D herbicide. Coordination complexes characterized with FTIR, 1H-NMR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, powder XRD, and BET revealed successful incorporation of functionalized groups with high thermal stability and surface area that make them suitable for adsorption experiments. Batch adsorption experiments conducted at different temperature conditions depicted the spontaneous physisorption process (− ΔG) having endothermic nature (ΔH, ΔS). The removal efficiency of the amino-functionalized coordination complex is found to be higher (73%) compared to non-functionalized (35%) and acetic anhydride-functionalized coordination complex (42%). Kinetic studies supported pseudo 2nd-order kinetics with three phases of adsorption depicted by intra-particle diffusion model. Amino-functionalized complexes favored Langmuir isotherm while Freundlich isotherm is best fitted for non-functionalized complexes. The synthesized adsorbents were also proven to be effective for removal of herbicide from irrigated wastewater with average percent removal of 56% for amino functionalized, acetic anhydride functionalized (23%), and non-functionalized (20%). Keywords Coordination complexes . Imidazole . Amino functionalized . 2,4-D herbicide
Introduction Risks associated with chemical pollutants such as pesticides and herbicides present in water have long been a major concern for environmental scientist due to their extensive use. Therefore, early investigation and remediation of these chemical pollutants before they worsen are critical for protecting the environment and human (Daughton and Ternes 1999). One of the widely used herbicides is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) that overcome the broadleaf weed problem in the crops. Due to ionizable nature of the 2,4-D, it is weakly persistent in the soil components and can easily contaminate Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr * Saira Mansab [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
surface and ground water (Mantilla et al. 2009). Different studies have been conducted to detect the 2,4-D residue in the surface and ground water (Ignatowicz 2009). This herbicide has been evidenced to b
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