In vivo biomimetic calcification of selected organic scaffolds using snail shell regeneration: a new methodological appr
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T.C. BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS
In vivo biomimetic calcification of selected organic scaffolds using snail shell regeneration: a new methodological approach Tomasz Machałowski1,2 · Marcin Wysokowski1,2 · Iaroslav Petrenko2 · Enrico Langer3 · Dmitry Tsurkan4 · Teofil Jesionowski1 · Hermann Ehrlich2 Received: 12 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In vivo biomimetic biomineralization using living organisms known as biomineralizers is currently a major research trend. Industrially cultivated terrestrial snails, such as the common garden snail Cornu aspersum, represent a simple model organism that is ideal for use in experiments on the regeneration of the calcified shell after the excavation of a corresponding shell fragment. The mollusk’s artificially damaged shell is regenerated via the formation of an organic regenerative membrane, which serves as a native template for in vivo biocalcification. In this study, for the first time, a special plexiglass device for non-lethal fixation of living snails, enabling real-time monitoring of their ability to regenerate their shells using digital microscopy, has been proposed and tested. As an alternative to natural biomineralization using the mollusk’s own sources, we propose chitin- and collagen-based templates, which have been shown to be effectively calcified by living snails. The results indicate that the type of organic template used for in vivo biomineralization has a substantial effect on the nature of the mineral phases. Keywords In vivo biomineralization · Biomimetics · Shell regeneration · Chitin · Collagen · Scaffolds · Cornu aspersum
1 Introduction The phylum Mollusca, with around 200,000 living species [1], represents a vast group of invertebrate animals exhibiting great diversity in terms of ecology, behavior and morphology [2]. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in mollusks in such fields as food production, cosmetics and biomedicine [1, 3–6]. Mollusks are regarded as * Tomasz Machałowski [email protected] * Teofil Jesionowski [email protected] * Hermann Ehrlich [email protected]‑freiberg.de 1
Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60965 Poznan, Poland
2
Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
3
Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, 01062 Dresden, TU, Germany
4
TissueGUARD GmbH, 01217 Dresden, Germany
unmatched specialists in the formation of calcium carbonatebased shells [7–10]. Recently, particular attention has been paid to applications of terrestrial mollusks and their hemolymph as sources for the development of bioinspired composites using a biomimetic strategy [9, 11, 12]. For example, the biomimetic creation of calcium carbonate deposits by the imitation of such naturally occurring processes as shell regeneration using external templates (i.e., selective metal or organic implants) may significan
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