Inconsistent urbanization effects on summer precipitation over the typical climate regions in central and eastern China
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Inconsistent urbanization effects on summer precipitation over the typical climate regions in central and eastern China Fan Xiao 1,2,3 & Bin Zhu 1,2,3 & Tong Zhu 4 Received: 24 February 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Using a 30-year data (1983–2012) from 428 stations, we study summer precipitation differences between urban and rural areas in 5 Chinese climate regions: the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the Middle and Upper reaches of the Yangtze River (MUYR), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the North China Plain (NCP), and Northeast China (NEC). By analyzing heavy rain (HR) (24-h precipitation ≥ 100 mm) and light rain (LR) (0.1 mm ≤ 24 h precipitation ≤ 25 mm), we find that urbanization has had inconsistent effects on precipitation. Higher HR occurs over urban areas of the PRD and YRD than rural areas, and lower HR occurs over urban areas of the MUYR, NCP and NEC than rural areas. The urban LR is less than the rural LR in all climate regions. The correlation between precipitation and the convective available potential energy (CAPE) or humidity explains the regional differences in urbanization effects on HR. HR is greatly affected by the CAPE in the PRD and YRD, where the CAPE is high (> 600 J/kg at 14:00 LT), water vapor is abundant (> 45 kg/m2 at 14:00 LT), and the urban heat island increases the urban HR. However, HR is greatly affected by humidity in the MUYR, NCP, and NEC, where the CAPE and water vapor are less (≤ 500 J/ kg and ≤ 40 kg/m2 at 14:00 LT) and the urban HR is mainly suppressed by the urban dry island. Our results indicate that urbanization promotes HR in wet climates but suppresses HR in dry climates during summer in central and eastern China. Keywords Different climate zones . Precipitation of different intensities . Inconsistent urbanization effects on precipitation . Physical mechanism
1 Introduction Over the past 30 years, China has experienced rapid urbanization. A series of environmental variations, such as underlying surface replacement, population surges, and pollution emissions, have changed the physical and chemical properties
* Bin Zhu [email protected] 1
Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
2
Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
3
Special Test Field of National Integrated Meteorological Observation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
4
IM System Group, Inc. @NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, College Park, MD, USA
of the urban atmosphere, and these variations have complex impacts on meteorological factors, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation (Yang et al. 2011; Hao et al. 2013; Song et al. 2014; Han et al. 2014; Li et al. 2016). Researchers have suggested that the impacts of urbanization on precipitation mainly originated from three fact
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