Increased circulating level of interleukin-6 and CD8 + T cell exhaustion are associated with progression of COVID-19
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Increased circulating level of interleukin‑6 and CD8+ T cell exhaustion are associated with progression of COVID‑19 Peng‑Hui Yang1†, Yi‑Bo Ding3†, Zhe Xu2†, Rui Pu3†, Ping Li3†, Jin Yan1, Ji‑Luo Liu3, Fan‑Ping Meng2, Lei Huang2, Lei Shi2, Tian‑Jun Jiang2, En‑Qiang Qin2, Min Zhao2, Da‑Wei Zhang2, Peng Zhao2, Ling‑Xiang Yu1, Zhao‑Hai Wang1, Zhi‑Xian Hong1, Zhao‑Hui Xiao1, Qing Xi1, De‑Xi Zhao1, Peng Yu1, Cai‑Zhong Zhu2, Zhu Chen2, Shao‑Geng Zhang1*, Jun‑Sheng Ji2*, Fu‑Sheng Wang2* and Guang‑Wen Cao3*
Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is pandemic. It is critical to identify COVID-19 patients who are most likely to develop a severe disease. This study was designed to determine the clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients associated with the development of pneumonia and factors associated with disease progression. Methods: Seventy consecutive patients with etiologically confirmed COVID-19 admitted to PLA General Hospital in Beijing, China from December 27, 2019 to March 12, 2020 were enrolled in this study and followed-up to March 16, 2020. Differences in clinical and laboratory findings between COVID-19 patients with pneumonia and those without were determined by the χ2 test or the Fisher exact test (categorical variables) and independent group t test or Mann– Whitney U test (continuous variables). The Cox proportional hazard model and Generalized Estimating Equations were applied to evaluate factors that predicted the progression of COVID-19. Results: The mean incubation was 8.67 (95% confidence interval, 6.78–10.56) days. Mean duration from the first test severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-positive to conversion was 11.38 (9.86–12.90) days. Compared to pneumonia-free patients, pneumonia patients were 16.5 years older and had higher frequencies of having hyperten‑ sion, fever, and cough and higher circulating levels of neutrophil proportion, interleukin-6, low count (
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