Increased Osteoblast and Decreased Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion on Biologically-inspired Carbon Nanofibers
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Increased Osteoblast and Decreased Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion on Biologically-inspired Carbon Nanofibers Rachel L. Price, Karen M. Haberstroh, and Thomas J. Webster Department of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1296, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT Osteoblast (the bone-forming cells) and smooth muscle cell adhesion was investigated on carbon nanofiber formulations of various diameters (specifically, from 60 to 200 nm) and surface energies (from 25 to 140 mJ/m2) in the present in vitro study. Results provided the first evidence that osteoblast adhesion increased with decreased carbon nanofiber diameter after 1 hour. In contrast, smooth muscle cell adhesion was not dependent on carbon nanofiber diameter. Moreover, the present study demonstrated that smooth muscle cell adhesion decreased with increased carbon nanofiber surface energy after 1 hour. Alternatively, osteoblast adhesion was not affected by carbon nanofiber surface energy. Since adhesion is a crucial prerequisite for subsequent functions of cells (such as the deposition of bone by osteoblasts), the present results of controlled adhesion of both osteoblasts and a competitive cell line (i.e., smooth muscle cells) demonstrate that carbon nanofibers with small diameters and high surface energies may become the next-generation of orthopedic implant materials to enhance new bone synthesis. These criteria may prove critical in the clinical success of bone prostheses. INTRODUCTION Sufficient bonding between an orthopedic implant and juxtaposed bone is necessary to minimize motion-induced damage to surrounding tissue in situ, to support physiological loading conditions, and to ensure implant efficacy. Insufficient bonding (i.e., incomplete osseointegration) of juxtaposed bone to an orthopedic/dental implant could be linked to material surface properties that do not support new bone growth1. The next generation of orthopedic implants must, therefore, have biocompatible surfaces that promote bonding of juxtaposed bone; this criterion is not satisfied in materials currently utilized as bone prostheses. For example, conventional orthopedic materials (such as commercially pure titanium, Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo alloys) possess less than optimal surface properties that often result in insufficient osseointegration to surrounding bone, a cause of clinical complications that necessitate surgical removal of many such failed implants1. Sufficient osseointegration to juxtaposed bone can be supported through the design of materials that enhance osteoblast (bone-forming cells) adhesion while, at the same time, inhibit competitive cell (for example, fibroblast, smooth muscle cell, endothelial cell, etc.) adhesion. Adhesion of anchorage-dependent cells (like osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, etc.) is essential for subsequent cell functions, such as the deposition of bone by osteoblasts. Clearly, novel material formulations are therefore needed for selectively enhancing osteoblast functions leading to sufficient osseointegration to juxtaposed bone. Motivated by the co
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