Increasingly important role of numerical modeling in oceanic observation design strategy: A review
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vember 2020 Vol.63 No.11: 1678–1690 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9674-6
Increasingly important role of numerical modeling in oceanic observation design strategy: A review 1,2
3,4,5*
Kun ZHANG , Mu MU 1
& Qiang WANG
6,7
CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; 4 CMA-FDU Joint Laboratory of Marine Meteorology, Shanghai 200438, China; 5 Innovation Center of Ocean and Atmosphere System, Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Research Institute, Zhuhai 518057, China; 6 Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; 7 College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 2
3
Received January 15, 2020; revised August 24, 2020; accepted September 3, 2020; published online October 9, 2020
Abstract Oceanic observation design is of considerable significance and has made remarkable progress during the past several decades. This study addresses the critical role of numerical modeling in oceanic observation design. Following a brief introduction of the characteristics of existing oceanic observation design studies, we present the advantages of the model-based observation design strategy and further review its decisive contribution. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy, the targeted observation applications using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) approach for improving the Kuroshio predictions are introduced. Finally, the authors present their consideration for correcting model errors by targeted observations of sensitive model parameters and mitigating the model-dependency problem by utilizing multiple modeling systems. Suggestions on using observing system simulation experiments to validate the designed observations and extending the model-based observation design strategy into observing oceanic climatological mean states are also discussed. Keywords Citation:
Observation design, Numerical modeling, Targeted observation, CNOP
Zhang K, Mu M, Wang Q. 2020. Increasingly important role of numerical modeling in oceanic observation design strategy: A review. Science China Earth Sciences, 63(11): 1678–1690, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9674-6
1. Introduction Observations are undoubtedly crucial in oceanography. On the one hand, accurate observations of the ocean are an essential prerequisite for detecting oceanic phenomena, understanding ocean variability, and defining the role of the ocean in the earth’s climate system. On the other hand, oceanic observations play a critical role in ocean simulation and prediction by initializing, validating, and improving numerical models. Over the past several decades, * Corresponding author (email: [email protected]
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