Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) and the Risk of Obesity in Male Adolescents: a Case-Control Study
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Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) and the Risk of Obesity in Male Adolescents: a Case-Control Study Maryam Gholamalizadeh 1 & Samira Rastgoo 2 & Saeid Doaei 3 & Farhad Vahid 4 & Hanieh Malmir 5 & Narges Ashoori 2 & Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi 3 Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Dietary factors may play a key role in the etiology of obesity. The Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) provides a comprehensive overview of the nutrients content of the diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between INQ and obesity in male adolescents. We hypothesize that receiving a high-quality diet reduces the risk of overweight or obese. This study was carried out on 214 obese/overweight as the case group and 321 normal-weight male adolescents as the control group. Dietary intakes of the participants were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ-derived dietary data were used to calculate the INQ scores. After adjustments for age and height, an inverse association was found between obesity and INQ of iron, vitamin B6, and magnesium, and a positive association was found between obesity and INQ of zinc (all P < 0.05). After further adjustments for nutritional knowledge and calorie intake, an inverse association was observed between obesity and INQ of vitamin C, iron, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, selenium, and magnesium (all P < 0.05). The positive association of obesity and INQ of zinc remained significant after adjustments. A higher intake of vitamin C, iron, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, selenium, and magnesium and a lower intake of zinc may be protective against adolescent obesity. More longitudinal studies are required to investigate the relationship between these nutrients and obesity. Keywords Obesity . Index of Nutritional Quality . INQ . Diet . Micronutrients
Introduction Recent studies have reported that the prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing in both developing and developed countries [1–3]. Obesity (especially abdominal obesity) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, psychological conditions, and mortality [4]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)
* Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi [email protected] 1
Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
3
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4
Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
5
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
estimates, over one billion people are overweight in worldwide, and of those, over 300 million are obese. In addition, over 150 million children
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