Individual-based Methods in Forest Ecology and Management
Model-driven individual-based forest ecology has emerged in the 1990s and has given rise to a wealth of publications. At the same time, individual-based methods in forest management have been refined in a number of different countries and steadily grow in
- PDF / 12,975,992 Bytes
- 417 Pages / 453.544 x 683.151 pts Page_size
- 87 Downloads / 265 Views
Individualbased Methods in Forest Ecology and Management
Individual-based Methods in Forest Ecology and Management
Arne Pommerening Pavel Grabarnik •
Individual-based Methods in Forest Ecology and Management
123
Arne Pommerening Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå, Sweden
Pavel Grabarnik Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science Russian Academy of Sciences Pushchino, Russia
ISBN 978-3-030-24527-6 ISBN 978-3-030-24528-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24528-3
(eBook)
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Sic ergo quaeramus tamquam inventuri, et sic inveniamus tamquam quaesituri. Let us therefore search as one who expects to find, and find as one who is determined to search further. Augustine of Hippo, De Trinitate
Foreword
Forests are vast assemblages of trees, understory plants, large and small animals, and complex biotic soils. The composition, structure, and dynamics of forests result from interacting ecological processes across gradients of space and time. The vast amount of information embodied in a forest is almost incomprehensible. The early development of forest science and forest management was based on only a very small fraction of the total information residing in forests. Trees were aggregated into stands, and stands were represented by collective traits such as percent species composition and tree sizes. Rates of change in stocking (trees/ha) and stem volume or mass were calculated from information on structural changes of stands between sampling periods. The use of information to characterize stands was sometimes expanded by characterizin
Data Loading...
