Holly Springs National Forest: A Study in Forest Management Reform

Holly Springs National Forest, which sits just outside the graceful city of Oxford, Mississippi, spreads like a gentle sea of green across 155,000 acres in northern Mississippi. The forest is graced by sparkling streams and rivers, including the Tallahatc

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Forests for the People The Story of America’s Eastern National Forests

Christopher Johnson David Govatski

Washington

Covelo

London

Copyright © 2013 Island Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 2000 M Street NW, Suite 650, Washington, DC 20036 Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johnson, Christopher, 1947 September 13–   Forests for the people : the story of America’s eastern national forests / Christopher Johnson, David Govatski.   pages  cm   Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN-13: 978-1-61091-009-5 (cloth : alk. paper)   ISBN-10: 1-61091-009-5 (cloth : alk. paper)   ISBN-13: 978-1-61091-010-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)   ISBN-10: 1-61091-010-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)  1.  Forest reserves—East (U.S.)— History—20th century.  2.  Forest conservation—East (U.S.)  I.  Govatski, David, 1949–  II.  Title.  SD428.A2E27 2012  333.75’110974—dc23 2012030240 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: Island Press, Allegheny National Forest, Appalachian, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Clarke-McNary Act, conservation, eastern national forests, endangered species, forest, forest fire, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, Green Mountains, Green Mountain National Forest, Hiawatha National Forest, Huron-Manistee National Forests, hydraulic fracturing, Holly Springs National Forest, invasive species, John Weeks, Lake States, Monongahela National Forest, New Deal, Ottawa National Forest, Pisgah, prescribed burn, stream flow, timber, timber famine, U.S. Forest Service, Weeks Act, White Mountains, wilderness, Wilderness Act of 1964, wolf

To our wives, Kathi and Barbara; to Chris’s parents, Charles and Jacqueline; and to the forest champions who made the eastern national forests possible and care for the forests today

Contents

Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Part I

How the Eastern National Forests Were Saved 9

1 The Disappearing Forests of the White Mountains 11 2 Trees to Build the Lake States 31 3 A Forest Crisis in the Southern Appalachians 51 4 Building a Forest Conservation Movement 71 5 Legislation at Last: The Weeks Act 93 6 Creating the Eastern National Forests 117 Part II

Issues Facing the Eastern National Forests Today 141

7 Holly Springs National Forest: A Study in Forest

Management Reform 145 8 Florida’s National Forests: A Revolution in

Prescribed Burning 167 9 Monongahela National Forest: Wilderness at Heart 187 10 Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness: Preservation

versus Multiple Use 207 11 Ottawa and Hiawatha National Forests: The Return of

the Wolf 229 12 Allegheny National Forest: The Challenges of Shale Oil

Drilling 249 13 Michigan’s National Forests: The Invasion of the Emerald

Ash Borer 273 14 National Forests of Vermont and North Carolina: Lov