Influence of arousal on intentional binding: Impaired action binding, intact outcome binding
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Influence of arousal on intentional binding: Impaired action binding, intact outcome binding Anna Render 1 & Petra Jansen 1
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Emotional states have been indicated to affect intentional binding, resulting in an increase or decrease as a function of valence and arousal. Sexual arousal is a complex emotional state proven to impair attentional and perceptual processes, and is therefore highly relevant to feeling in control over one’s actions. We suggest that sexual arousal affects intentional binding in the same way as highly negative arousing states such as fear and anger. Ninety participants performed the intentional binding task before and after watching an either sexually arousing or emotionally neutral film clip. Analyses were conducted for the subcomponents action and outcome binding separately including the change in arousal before and after the emotion induction as a continuous measure. Results showed an interactive effect for time of measurement (before and after emotion induction) and arousal change on action binding: a decrease in action binding was noted in participants who reported to be more aroused and an increase in action binding was observed for participants who reported to be less aroused. Results emphasize that alterations in action binding are likely to reflect the deficits in the dopaminergic system involved in action execution. An impaired feeling of control in aroused states may play a crucial role for the underlying psychological mechanisms of impulsive violent behavior. Keywords Sense of agency . Intentional binding . Action binding . General arousal . Sexual arousal
Introduction Intentional binding The awareness of control over one’s own actions and naming the cause of action is referred to as the sense of agency (Gallagher, 2000). The sense of agency is essential to explain changes in the external world and for a foundation for one’s future predictions (Wen, Yamashita, & Asama, 2015). The degree of consciousness of actions can be measured with an implicit paradigm called intentional binding. Intentional binding defines a time shift in the perception between a voluntary executed action and a following sensory event. If an action feels controlled, a binding effect between action and event can be observed: the interval is perceived as shorter than it really Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02105-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Anna Render [email protected] 1
Faculty of Human Science, University of Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
is; in other words, a subjective compression of time occurs (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002). This is indicated by a forward shift of an action toward its outcome (action binding) and a backward shift of an outcome towards its action (outcome binding) (Lush et al., 2019). Intentional binding can be measured with two different tasks, the Libet clock and the interval estimation (also
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