Influence of body mass index and weight lifting on bicep brachii muscle and distal bicep tendon stiffness evaluated usin
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Influence of body mass index and weight lifting on bicep brachii muscle and distal bicep tendon stiffness evaluated using ultrasound elastography Mahdi Al‑Qahtani1, Omar Altuwaijri1, Meteb Altaf2, Majed Al‑Enezi1, Mahmoud Abulmeaty3 and Ravish Javed1*
Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between stiffness of the bicep brachii muscle (BBM) and distal bicep tendon (DBT) and effects of weight lifting (pre- to post-workout changes) among groups with differ‑ ent body mass indexes (BMI). Methods: Participants were divided into four groups according to BMI: A, underweight ( 30.0 kg/m2). All participants were males who were untrained and had sedentary lifestyle without involvement in sports activities for the past 12 months. Ultrasono‑ graphic measurements to determine muscle and tendon stiffness was performed on the dominant side (i.e., right side) of the upper extremities in all participants. Results: Twenty-one healthy and untrained males volunteered to participate in this study; 14 were nonsmokers and 7 were smokers. The mean age and BMI were 22.5 ± 1.5 years and 23.8 ± 6.3 kg/m2, respectively. Groups A, B, C, and D had four, ten, four, and three participants, respectively. The BBM thickness did not increase with increase in BMI and was not significantly different (P > .05) between groups. The BBM stiffness was significantly different (all P
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