Influence of Cd on atrazine degradation and the formation of three primary metabolites in water under the combined pollu
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Influence of Cd on atrazine degradation and the formation of three primary metabolites in water under the combined pollution Dongyu Xie 1,2 & Chuansheng Chen 1 & Cui Li 2 & Qinghai Wang 2 Received: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 23 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract To understand the influence of Cd on atrazine (ATZ) degradation in aqueous solution, the degradation of different initial levels of ATZ (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg·L−1) was investigated in the presence and absence of Cd2+ in a 20-day laboratory experiment. It was found that Cd2+ caused a significant decrease in ATZ degradation and increased its half-life from 17–34 days to 30–57 days (p < 0.0001). Regarding the three most common metabolites of ATZ, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were detected in water earlier than hydroxyatrazine (HYA). The DEA content was several times higher than the DIA and HYA contents, regardless of the presence or absence of Cd2+. In the presence of Cd2+, the DIA content was significantly lower and the HYA content was significantly higher. Furthermore, Cd2+ had a dose-dependent effect on HYA formation. Our results indicated that the coexistence of Cd2+ and ATZ resulted in greater herbicide persistence, thereby possibly increasing the risk of environmental contamination. DEA was still the predominant ATZ degradation product detected in water under the combined pollution, which was similar to the ATZ tendency. Keywords Aquatic pollution . Atrazine . Cadmium . Combined pollution . Herbicide persistence
Introduction Atrazine (ATZ), which is a triazine herbicide, is the second most widely consumed pesticide worldwide (Singh et al. 2018). Deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and hydroxyatrazine (HYA) are the most common metabolites (Fig. 1) (Graymore et al. 2001; Albright et al. 2013). Of these metabolites, chlorinated degradation products are considered to be as toxic as the parent material (Rodríguez and Harkin 1997). Additionally, ATZ and its metabolites can persist in water and soil for decades (Jablonowski et al. 2011). The extensive and long-term application of ATZ has led to Responsible editor: Ester Heath * Chuansheng Chen [email protected] * Qinghai Wang [email protected] 1
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
2
Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
widespread contamination of water environments with an expected environmental concentration of 2.667 mg·L −1 (Peterson et al. 1994; Albright et al. 2013). The lowest observed effect concentration of ATZ for the growth of emergent hydrophyte is 2 mg·L−1 (Wang et al. 2014). DEA and DIA are also frequently detected in surface runoff with average concentrations of 2.5 and 0.7 μg·L−1, respectively (Shipitalo and Owens 2003), and HYA is more commonly detected in groundwater than in surface water, and i
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