Influence of Hydrogen Pre-treatment at Different Temperatures on Copper Oxide Supported on Carbonised Oil Palm Empty Fru
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Influence of Hydrogen Pre-treatment at Different Temperatures on Copper Oxide Supported on Carbonised Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (CuO/EFBC) for Low-Temperature Nitric Oxide Removal N. Ahmad1 · F. M. Zahari1 · N. Ibrahim1 Received: 6 October 2019 / Accepted: 7 April 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Low-temperature nitric oxide (NO) removal by oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFBC) modified with phosphoric acid dehydration, followed by copper oxide (CuO) impregnation is a function of both surface chemical and physical properties of CuO/EFBC resulting from hydrogen (H2) pre-treatment at different temperatures. Subjecting CuO/EFBC sample to H2 pretreatment at 400 °C initially reduces the NO adsorption capacity (q) (at C/Co = 0.95) from 1.65 to 1.57 mg/g although the BET specific surface area (SBET) increases from 4.81 to 160 m 2/g, due to surface predomination by acidic oxygenated groups (e.g. carboxyl, lactone and phenolic groups). At 500 °C, q increases to 5.67 mg/g as some of the acidic surface groups are decomposed and the S BET improves to 466 m 2/g. Further increase in the temperature to 600 and 700 °C respectively enhances the SBET to 448 and 516 m 2/g, and decomposes most of the acidic groups, leaving unsaturated C to react with H and form stable basic sites e.g. aldehyde, alkane, alkyl and aromatic groups more favourable for NO adsorption, thus giving rise to q (at C/Co = 0.5) to 41.01 and 62.74 mg/g, with stable performance for more than 2 h of experiment. In addition, higher pore volume, smaller pore size and smaller crystallite size of CuO, C u2O and C u3P sites are observed in samples pre-treated at high temperatures (600 and 700 °C), leading to a condition more auspicious for dissociative NO adsorption. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Nitric oxide removal · Hydrogen pre-treatment · Thermal pre-treatment · Copper oxide · Oil palm empty fruit bunch * N. Ibrahim [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Statement of Novelty The use of non-noble metal catalysts supported on carbon in low temperature nitric oxide removal is attractive due to the unique properties of activated carbon. Addition of metal catalyst however impaired the surface properties of the carbon support. Systematic investigation of hydrogen pre-treatment at 400 to 700 °C revealed significant enhancement in the chemical and physical properties leading to higher performance of CuO/EFBC in the removal of NO, especially at 600 and 700 °C. As such it helps the preparation of similar systems using carbon as support.
Introduction The activity of nature and human such as lightning, volcano eruption and combustion of solid fuels in stationary (factories) and mobile (vehicles) sources emit nitrogen oxides ( NO x) into the atmosphere. The N O x emission causes many adverse effects to the environment such as photochemical smog, acid rain and erosion of buildings and respiratory problems to the living beings. NO emission control can be perform
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