Mixed Composting of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with Various Organics: An Analysi
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mixed Composting of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with Various Organics: An Analysis on Final Macronutrient Content and Physical Properties Lew Jin Hau1 · Rashid Shamsuddin1 · Alvyana Khiew Ai May1 · Aqsha Saenong1 · Ahmad Mohamed Lazim2 · Murugesu Narasimha2 · Aaron Low3 Received: 19 August 2019 / Accepted: 25 February 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Large amounts of palm oil consumption in Malaysia leads to large amounts of by-products such as Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) requiring disposal. Limited treatment methods for these waste products has resulted in interest to use EFB + POME in composting when mixed with different biomass sources for nutrient enhancement. This work is aimed at enhancing the final macronutrient content and physical properties of EFB:POME based fertilizers using various organic waste products as additives to achieve specific initial C/N values. Seven batches of compost were prepared, Compost A (EFB and POME in 1:1 weight ratio); B (fishmeal); C (bonemeal); D (bunch ash) and mixed compost of 1:1 EFB:POME, fishmeal, bonemeal, bunch ash and sawdust in different composition to obtain initial C/N ratios of 35 (E), 42 (F) and 47 (G). The results indicated the composts achieved maturation on day 40 based on stable pH profiles from day 40 to 52. The C/N ratio of the mixed Composts E, F and G were reduced from 35 to 16, 42 to 15 and 47 to 22 respectively. The mixed composts had a porous structure which supports aeration and a high mass yield of 88 to 90% with a maturation moisture content of 55–70%. The final C/N ratios of Compost E and F was lower than 20 which was an indication of maturation, while the C/N of Compost G was slightly above 20 (22.3). All three batches of EFB mixed composts experienced an increase in Nitrogen (+ 18 to 62%), Phosphorus (+ 125 to 906%) and Potassium (+ 262 to 294%) which indicates that blending EFB:POME based fertilizer with various organic waste can improve the physical properties and nutrient quality. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Empty fruit bunches · Organic additives · Vermicompost · Nutrient enhancement
Statement of Novelty
* Rashid Shamsuddin [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
The purpose of this research is to develop an innovative and sustainable method of reducing EFB and POME in the palm oil industry by converting these wastes into a high-quality compost. Through this research, an innovative method
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of mixed composting EFB based fertilizer with different organic wastes from various industries was introduced. The work has great impact in the palm oil industry, as they can turn palm oil wastes into a valuable product that generates additional income to this industry. This work is significant as the EFB:POME is directly blended with high Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium organic wastes to effectively enhance the nutrient content, as compared to past work which often only blends in one to t
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