Influence of Subsurface Structure on the Linear Reciprocating Sliding Wear Behavior of Steels with Different Microstruct
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INTRODUCTION
WEAR of two metallic components, as encountered in applications, like rail and wheel, railroad systems and other transportations, involves relative sliding action between meeting surfaces. Wear of a material in service condition refers to continuous removal of the surface layer. Hurricks[1] has categorized wear resistance of a material as a mechanical property because the process of wear is primarily mechanical in nature, which is initialized by crack formation and modified by other environmental conditions. Wear resistance of steel has been correlated to many metallurgical factors, namely carbon content, hardness, heat treatment, and other alloying additions. However, different microscopic phases and their structural modifications because of interaction between the sample and sliding object have great role in deciding the wear behavior of the material. Hurricks[1] rightly lays emphasis on the point that the wear resistance, in terms of composition and mechanical properties, would not be sufficient for complete knowhow of the material. Rather, the knowledge of microstructure of the material and the effect of microstructure on the wear behavior is equally important for wise selection of material as per requirements in a specific use. During the course of wear, many complex phenomena may be experienced in the subsurface of a steel sample like crack or void formation, pulling off colonies of pearlite, dissolution of carbides,[2,3] etc. All these phenomena may lead to varied degree of wear. Rigney and S. SHARMA, Senior, Ph.D. Student, S. SANGAL, Professor, and K. MONDAL, Associate Professor, are with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted February 3, 2014. Article published online September 16, 2014 6088—VOLUME 45A, DECEMBER 2014
Glaeser[4] have stated the importance of reviewing characteristics of the surface region and deformed layer. According to them, the region close to the surface subjected to wear is highly strained and experiences fragmentation. The deformed layer in the subsurface experiences lesser strain. However, the transition between these two layers may be abrupt, which necessitates the need for study of the subsurface deformation phenomena in order to predict the wear behavior. In general, the microstructure of a material responds under heat and stresses. However, each morphological variant responds differently. To cite a few examples, Matsuzaki et al.[5] have shown that under the influence of stresses, the microstructure readily responds well below the yield strength of the parent phase, austenite, to form bainitic ferrite. High-pressure torsion exhibits ferrite refinement and strain-induced cementite dissolution in pearlite. Ivanisenko et al.[6] have presented the mechanism of wear of cementite at the ferrite/cementite interface leading to its dissolution. The possible effect of stresses on bainitic morphology has also been studied.[7] These microstructural
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